The World's Work 1912-04: Vol 23 Iss 6

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The World’s Work

WALTER H. PAGE, Eprror

CONTENTS FOR APRIL, 1912

Mr. William Dean Howells — - - - - - - - Frontispiece
THE MARCH OF EVENTS—AN EbpiTorRIAL INTERPRETATION - - - 603
Dr. Stephen Smith Miss Violet Oakley Mr. Arthur Nikisch

‘Justice Mahlon Pitney The “Sandwich” Fire Engine
A Very General Survey A World’s Work Farm Conference
Mr. Roosevelt Again The Great Country Life Movement
About the Third Term The Regeneration of Wall Street
A Class War About French Revolutions and Such
A Little Glimpse into China Things
The Progress of Republican Govern- The Americanizing of France and the

_ ‘ment Financing of Europe

The Everglades Land Scandal An Unconscious Carrier of Death
WHAT HAPPENED TO ONE WOMAN - - - - - - C.M.K.. 623

AN AMERICAN ADVENTURE IN BRAZIL (Ills.) ALEXANDER P. RoGERS 625
THE PENNSYLVANIA MOUNTED POLICE (llls.) F. Bratrr JAEKEL 641
“WHAT | AM TRYING TO DO”—An Authorized Interview with

Dr. Rupert Blue- - - - - - - - - - Tuomas F. LoGAn 653

A FACTORY THAT OWNS ITSELF
RICHARD AND FLORENCE Cross KITCHELT 658

THE BISHOP OF THE ARCTIC (Illls.) - - F.Carrincton WEEMs 661
“FRIENDS AND FELLOW CITIZENS” (Ills.) Witttam BayarD HALE 673
THE BUREAU OF MUNICIPAL RESEARCH - - Henry BRUERE 683

WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH OUR BANKS? — Jos. B. MARTINDALE 687
HOW TO GET RID OF FLIES (Ills.) - FRANK PARKER STOCKBRIDGE 692

A PRIMA DONNA AT TWENTY - - - - - - - - - = = = 704
CHINA AS A REPUBLIC - - - - - - - Proressor T. IYENAGA 706
OUR STUPENDOUS YEARLY WASTE - - - - FRANK KOESTER 713

TWO VIEWS OF THE “BACK TO THE LAND” MOVEMENT
C. L.; RicHARD NICHOLSON 716

THE MARCH OF THE CITIES - - - - -Epwarp T. WILLIAMS 719
TERMS: $3.00 a year; single copies, 25 cents. For Foreign Postage add $1.28; Canada, 60 cents.

Published monthly. Copyright, 1912, by Doubleday, Page & Company.
All rights reserved. Entered at the Post-Office at Garden City, N. Y., as second-class mail matter.

Country Life in America The Garden Magazine-Farming

$118 Beopiee Gee Bide. DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY, "neyo

F. N. Doustepay, President Mpg tne Vice- Presidents H.W. Lanter, Secretary S. A. Everirr, Treasurer

MR. WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS
WHOSE SEVENTY-FIFTH BIRTHDAY, ON MARCH IST, WAS CELEBRATED AS AN EVENT OF
NATIONAL INTEREST IN THE CAREER OF THE KINDLY DEAN
OF AMERICAN NOVELISTS

a) es eee > er ed
No.2.
oa Oh £ i OK

APRIL,

VoLuME XXIII

1912

NUMBER 6

THE MARCH OF EVENTS

STAGNANT world would soon

begin to go backward and it

would be very dull. Yet a

warring world is disquieting

and unhappy; and turn where

you will now there is trouble. In the
East that slept so long the struggle
of China to set up a real government
causes intermittent civil war and contin-
uous unrest. The old rivalry between
England and Russia goes on in Asia.
Turkey and Italy are still at war. Eng-
land has an internal industrial distur-
bance of a magnitude that may imply
a revolution in government; and England
and Germany are yet in suspicious moods
toward one another. In Central and
South America there are not the frequent
revolutions of former times, but there is
constant danger of them. Mexico has
not yet found stable government since
the overthrow of Diaz. And in our own
country we have industrial troubles and
—a Presidential campaign. If, there-
fore, one look about the world for trouble,
there will be no difficulty in discovering it.
But, suppose instead that one look for
progress and human betterment, one will
find these too in even more abundant

measure. One of the results of universal
and swift communication and_ publicity
is that all the trouble in the world becomes
quickly known. There are, for instance,
two or three great quiet movements going
on in the United States that mean incal-
culable good to our people. One is the
organization and betterment of country
life, including the reconstruction of the
rural school. Another is the improvement
in agriculture whereby those who do till
the earth are coming into a higher eco-
nomic and social life. Another is the sani-
tary improvement that goes on almost
everywhere, notably in the Southern states.

And, for that matter, even out of our
political turmoil, clearer judgments will
come. There is no other light as bright
as the intense beating of publicity on
men and measures that comes with a
Presidential campaign.

The great duty and the somewhat hard
task in such a time is to keep one’s own
attention to the main duties of life, to
keep one’s own judgment free from warp-
ing, to learn without being disturbed and
—to do one’s business with quiet zeal.

Neither the big world nor our own coun-
try is going backward.

Copyright, 1912, by Doubleday, Page & Co. All rights reserved.

DR. STEPHEN SMITH

AT 89, THE ACTIVE PRESIDENT OF THE NEW YORK STATE BOARD OF CHARITIES, WHO
REMEMBERS WHEN BELLEVUE HOSPITAL WAS AN ALMSHOUSE, AND WHO FOUNDED
THE FIRST AMERICAN TRAINING SCHOOL FOR NURSES IN 1872

JUSTICE MAHLON PITNEY
FOUR YEARS CHANCELLOR OF NEW JERSEY, WHOM PRESIDENT TAFT RECENTLY NAMED
AS ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT TO SUCCEED
THE LATE JUSTICE HARLAN

MISS VIOLET OAKLEY
WHO HAS BEEN CHOSEN TO COMPLETE THE IMPORTANT MURAL DECORATIONS IN THE
CAPITOL AT HARRISBURG, PA., THAT WERE PLANNED AND BEGUN BY THE
LATE EDWIN A. ABBEY

MR. ARTHUR NIKISCH

THE DISTINGUISHED DIRECTOR OF THE BERLIN PHILHARMONIC ORCHESTRA, FORMERLY
CONDUCTOR OF THE BOSTON SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA, WHO COMES TO AMERICA
THIS MONTH TO DIRECT THE LONDON SYMPHONY CONCERTS

- *

— >
eI ctr a Ally
os *

THE “SANDWICH” FIRE ENGINE

THAT TRAVELS THE STREETS OF NEW YORK CITY TO WARN CARELESS PEOPLE OF THE
DANGER OF RECKLESS HANDLING OF MATCHES AND CIGARETTES

,

shines i

THE MARCH OF EVENTS 609

MR. ROOSEVELT AGAIN

R. ROOSEVELT has disappointed
M and shocked many of his friends

by putting aside his declaration
against a third term with the remark that
of course he meant three consecutive
terms; and he has shocked and disap-
pointed others by what seems to them a
lack of frank and open dealing with Mr.
Taft. He has put himself in personal
opposition to the President without giving
the public in the beginning a sufficiently
candid explanation of his change of mind
about him. These failures in prompt
frankness are more than a tactical mis-
take. They lay him open to the suspicion
of misconstruing his own declaration of
1904 or of forgetting its plain meaning
and to the suspicion of forgetting also the
square deal. He stands, therefore, as a
champion of the progressive spirit of
popular government, but as a champion
under personal suspicion of having been
somewhat less than frank and somewhat
less than fair.

Nobody who has well known Mr.
Roosevelt doubts his sincerity in thinking
it his duty to run the risk of defeat for
what he regards as the right spirit of
government. But his entering the race
under these circumstances does suggest
the gnawing that Lincoln spoke of in
connection with the Presidential ambition.
Many great public men have suffered the
hallucination that their own practised
hand is necessary for the safe piloting of
the ship; and this hallucination has often
dried up generosity of judgment and
narrowed the arc of vision. Consider
the case of the deposed Bismarck.

The need of a strong leader of the Pro-
gressive wing of the Republican party is
a mere incident of the moment. But Mr.
Roosevelt’s change of mind about a solemn
resolution and his personal opposition
to Mr. Taft after their former relations
are more than incidents. They are actions
that will have a permanent influence in the
appraisal that men are now making and
will hereafter make of him and of the
breadth and generosity of his judgment.
Look at the whole incident as it is likely
to appear twenty-five or even ten years

hence, and it will inevitably present
chiefly the aspects of an ugly personal
contest. It was Mr. Roosevelt who se-
lected Mr. Taft for his successor. If Mr.
Taft has failed as President, that is a bad
fact for Mr. Roosevelt’s judgment of men.
If Mr. Taft has failed merely to adopt Mr.
Roosevelt’s manner and spirit and his
particular policies, then Mr. Roosevelt’s
candidacy looks like an effort to punish
him. In a word, Mr. Roosevelt is in a
position to enter this race with somewhat
less grace than any other man. He is
open to these suspicions; and whether
they are just or unjust, it is surely true
that he has plunged the party and the
country into a most bitter personal politi-
cal contest that will have many unpleas-
ant consequences. This is a high price
to pay even for success.

Yet in his belief in government for the
people by the people he is in line with the
true spirit of the Republic, unfortunate
as he has recently been in trying to find
definite and clear-cut expression of this
belief in terms of immediate problems.
If Mr. Taft’s mind is fettered by formal-
ism, Mr. Roosevelt’s runs to extremes.
The true American spirit will survive them
both. It depends on no man and no party.
It is inherent in the people and they will
and do find many ways to express it. It
is sheer vanity to assume that it depends
on any one man. And the true American
spirit, when applied to individual action,
forbids any man from breaking over the
bounds set by his own good faith with
himself and with his countrymen, in an
hour of humility and appreciation.

The promise of the struggle at the begin-
ning seems in favor of Mr. Taft. The
bitter attack on him is helping the Presi-
dent to regain something of his lost popu-
larity, and it has provoked him to a degree
of energy that, if shown throughout his ad-
ministration, would have kept him in much
higher popular favor. But Mr. Roosevelt
of course, may win the nomination. The
action of a convention is a hazardous
thing to guess before most of the delegates
are chosen. Yet the character of his
support, as the contest begins, does not
ensure victory.

One odd fact is this —that in a fight

610

both are on the defensive, Mr. Roosevelt
for a breach of -good faith and Mr. Taft
for the shortcomings of his administration.

Mr. Roosevelt’s nomination would be an
acknowledgment of party desperation.
The best way out of the difficulty for the
Republican party would, if it were possible,
be to nominate a dark horse — an accep-
table Progressive like Senator Cummins
or a man who has not been involved in
this bitter inter-party fight, such as Justice
Hughes. But in any event the party is
in a dangerous plight — provided the
Democratic party has the good judgment
to nominate its strongest man.

I]

Its strongest man is Governor Wilson
of New Jersey. There is no other Demo-
cratic possibility in his class. He is of
the progressive temperament, and a be-
liever in the people; and his record as
Governor of New Jersey is as good cre-
dentials as any man has presented for the
Presidency in our time.

Of one fact there is little doubt: if
primary elections were held in every state
to choose delegates to the national con-
ventions, Mr. Roosevelt and Mr. Wilson
would almost surely be nominated.

ABOUT THE THIRD TERM

ASHINGTON and _ Jefferson
each declined a third term as
President, because they

thought that a longer tenure of office
than two terms was dangerous to true
republican government. Their declara-
tions made the unwritten law, which
public opinion has ever since approved.
But, if the people wish any man_ for
President for three terms or four or
five, there is no reason other than
the danger or the folly of it, why they
should not have him.

There are objections, as Mr. Roosevelt
has pointed out, to a third consecutive
term that do not hold against a third term
after an interval of retirement. The
office-holding machine has been changed,
and something of the danger of a con-
tinuous bureaucracy has been averted.
But these are minor considerations.

The difference between a third con-

THE WORLD’S WORK

secutive term and a third term with an
interval is not fundamental. For, what-
ever real danger to the spirit of our insti-
tutions there may be in one, there is also
in the other. The essence of the objection
to a third term under any conditions is the
offense to right government given by
building up a personal party, the offense
of sheer hero-worship.

The power of the President is almost
incalculable; and, since he stands as the
only officer of the Government who is
elected by the whole people, he is thought
to be more powerful than he is. The
popular imagination has greatly magnified
the office. Now the moment that any one
man begins to think that his Presidency
is necessary for the safety of the country
or is so persuaded by his friends, he is in
grave danger for that very reason of be-
coming an improper man to be President;
and the moment that any large body of
men begin to think that only one man
can save the country, they begin to form
an unwholesome public opinion. A per-
sonality takes the place in their minds of
principles; and this is the gravest possible
offense against true republican government.

Such is the real objection to a third
term, whether they be consecutive terms
or not. In the case of Mr. Roosevelt
there are the additional objections that
he is breaking a solemn pledge as the
people understood it and is confessing
how bad his judgment was of the man he
chose to succeed him.

The third term “gnawing,” moreover,
attacks Mr. Roosevelt’s extraordinary
character precisely where it is weakest —
his self-confidence, or, in plain English, his
vanity. For he is extraordinary in this as
in other qualities. If he should again
become President, he would again make
an extraordinary record. Again the whole
government would become energetic. His
incomparable activity would be felt in
the remotest post office in the land.
Again, too, his ambitions that the Govern-
ment should serve the people in their
social needs and become something more
than the formal working of courts and
custom-houses would find wide range.
The toiling masses and the injustices
worked by vested interests would become

THE MARCH OF EVENTS

governmental problems. Herein is the
strong appeal he makes to men who know
how fast the world is changing and how
fixed social wrongs become. In the old
fight between men and property, Mr.
Roosevelt is on the side of men. The
multitude recognize this; and this is the
secret of his popularity.

Yet is a personal party less offensive
because it has good aims? Is a hero
in politics less un-American because he is
a hero for the humanities? Is vanity in

good causes less offensive than plain vanity -

of other sorts?

One way to put the truth is — We are
not so poor in men as to confess that any
one man.is necessary for our salvation.
That is the real force in the objection to
a third term whether it be consecutive or
not.. And this feeling will play an im-
portant part in shaping men’s preferences
during the next few months.

A CLASS WAR

LASS war has come not only in the
Old World but also in our world.
The

grand jury at Indianapolis of fifty-four
labor leaders, most of .them members of
the Bridge and Structural Iron Workers’
Association, and the strike of the oper-
atives in the textile mills at Lawrence,
Mass., and the attendant misdeeds in
the efforts to end it — these events follow-
ing the great excitement caused by the
McNamara convictions at Los Angeles,
have made it very plain that a considerable
part of our population no longer regards
a labor trouble as a single or local matter.
Every clash is to them an event in a
continuous warfare between two classes.
The impending danger of grave trouble,
when this is written, in the coal-mining
regions is another provocation of similar
discussion.

We have continued to go on the theory
that classes in the: United States are sub-
ject to such rapid change that we need
not fear class-warfare. But this com-
fortable old idea is become a delusion.
We had just as well face the truth. Where-
ever the fault may lie, it has come to pass
that in the minds of a very great number of
men the working class and the owning

indictment by a _ Federal:

611

class are with us. It is a sad confession
to make in the United States.

Timely and wise, therefore, is President
Taft’s recommendation to Congress of a
Commission on Industrial Relations to
make a “patient and courageous” in-
quiry. This may be a step toward some
better machinery for insuring industrial
justice and peace than any that we now
have. For we need some means of quickly
making the facts of every such trouble
known. If nothing else can be done,
quick and authoritative publicity can be
given; and that is much. The dynamite
outrages, for example, which extended
over a number of years, went on without
an awakening of the public to the fact
that this coward y warfare was in contin-
uous progress, until the great Los Angeles
tragedy shocked the world. The fewest
number of men know now the essential
facts about the coal-mine trouble. Mere
publicity will go far if it can be made
promptly and with authority.

The debatable area of governmental
action affecting the organization of men
on either side of this struggle; the grave
problem of keeping freedom of contract
unimpaired; the place where discipline
ends and oppression begins on either side;
the division of the profits of industry
—these are the real problems of our
industrial era. Beside them the tasks
and policies that we label as “ politics”
and discuss to weariness are insignificant.

A LITTLE GLIMPSE INTO CHINA

LETTER from a small city in
California contains the following
sentences:

We went to Chinatown to see the Chinese
New Year celebration Saturday night (Feb.
17th). We wanted the children to see it, as
it is to be the last. They are now Republicans,
they say. We tried to get a dragon flag —
the old style— but they said they were all

destroyed. We got some new ones, the flag
of the Chinese Republic.

By such little tokens near at hand we
may guess something of the mighty up-
heaval that is now wrenching China.
Suddenly through such a little arch of
human sympathy as this we see vistas of
real people stirred to unwonted passion

THE WORLD'S WORK

REPUBLICAN GOVERNMENT FIFTY YEARS AGO
THE AREAS MARKED IN BLACK SHOW THAT, OUTSIDE OF AMERICA, ONLY THREE REPUBLICS EXISTED

by new ideals of life and government.
Is it the birth of a new nation that we
see, or is it only old and unchanged China
turning over in its sleep? Is Western
civilization about to see the last triumph
in its conquest of the world, or does the
sleeping sage still rule the spirits of that
people? Is it true that “East is East
and West is West and never the twain
shall meet,” or is the oldest monarchy
in the world to be the newest imitator
of a Western republic?

These questions perplex China no. less
than they perplex us. Even so learned and
sympathetic a student of Oriental affairs
as Professor lyenaga, himself an Oriental,
who writes elsewhere in this magazine
of these problems, confesses that they
baffle him.

THE PROGRESS OF REPUBLICAN
GOVERNMENT

re \HE overthrow of the Manchu

dynasty adds four hundred million

to the population that lives under
republican government. They are not
bad material, either. In fact the Chinese
probably have a better chance of success
in their new venture than the Portuguese.
Certainly they are at least as well fitted
by temperament and training for self-
government as the Japanese were when
they got their constitution and entered
upon the Era of Enlightenment; for

the Chinese have no feudal system to
bother them, and they are accustomed to
managing their local affairs. They have
the knack of forming voluntary societies
for promoting movements and they have
a competitive examination system.

It is well to take a look backward and
see how rapid has been the advance of
the republican form of government
throughout the world. A glance at the
accompanying maps will show what prog-
ress has been made within the lifetime
of many of us. Fifty years ago Switzer-
land was practically the only republic
in Europe. In Africa there were only
the Boer republics and Liberia. In Asia
none. In America alone republicanism
flourished, but here Brazil still had an
emperor, and imperial France was engaged
in overthrowing the Mexican republic.

Now look on the map of to-day. France,
Portugal, and Switzerland are conspicuous
on the European continent. France and
Portugal have the lion’s share of Africa.
The Chinese Republic and the French
possessions take up a large part of Asia.
And America is all republican except
Canada, the Guianas, and a few small
islands. Or, to put it otherwise, the area
under republican control in 1862 amounted
to about 8,000,000 square miles. In 1912
it amounted to more than 22,000,000
square miles —an_ increase in territory of
about 175 per cent. in 50 years.

THE MARCH OF EVENTS _

am

REPUBLICAN

GOVERNMENT TO-DAY

SHOWING THAT A LARGE SHARE OF FOUR CONTINENTS IS EITHER REPUBLICAN OR DEPENDENT ON REPUBLICS

The gain in population is much greater.
In 1862 the inhabitants of republican
territory numbered some 87,000,000. In
1912 they, numbered more than 712,000,-
ooo —a gain of 718 per cent. in the half
century.

THE POPULATION OF REPUBLICAN
TERRITORY

In 1862:
ee

In 1912:

Of course these comparisons are be-
tween purely formal republicanism, and
do not accurately indicate the real spirit
of all these governments. If we consider
the aim and essence of popular govern-
ment, its progress is still more encourag-
ing, for practically the whole habitable
world has within this period been brought
under a constitutional régime of some
sort. Even Russia, Japan, Turkey, and
Persia have their parliaments, and Abys-
sinia and Siam are no longer pure autoc-
racies. The only loss suffered by formal
republicanism is the overthrow of the
Transvaal and the Orange Free State, and
to accomplish it strained the strength of
the strongest monarchy on earth. And
this was merely a nominal loss, for both
Boers and British enjoy more real freedom
under King George than they enjoyed
under President Kruger. It would be
absurd to suppose that the island of

Madagascar, which appears on the map as
republican territory because it belongs-
to France, has a greater degree of self-
government than the island of New
Zealand, which owes allegiance to a
monarch.

Nevertheless, these maps show real
progress of a certain kind; and republi-
can government is a good thing in itself,
even where it is purely formal.

THE EVERGLADES LAND SCANDAL

SCANDAL and a swindle of large
A proportions have taken place with

regard to the Everglade lands in
Florida. Promoters have collected by
mail many millions of dollars from the
victims of their reports and descriptions
in payment for lands that cost $2 an acre
(when they cost anything) and were sold
for ten or twenty or more times that sum
—lands yet under water and yet of no
practical value whatever.

The scandal, when this is written, is
undergoing investigation; and no definite
report of these fraudulent transactions is
undertaken in this paragraph. It is possi-
ble now only to point out with regret that
the love of land is an easy road whereby a
shrewd swindler may reach the credulity
of large numbers of people.

Of course you may say that anybody
who is fool enough to buy land that he
hasn’t seen deserves to be cheated. But

614

that easy judgment helps nobody. When
most seductive reports which seem to
carry state authority reach persons at a
distance who dream of rich land in a
warm climate, any untoward thing may
happen to those who lack business experi-
ence and therefore good business judgment.
‘It is the story of the bond and stock and
mine swindlers done in even better form.

I]

And, in addition to the scandal and the
loss of millions of dollars by the victims
of this swindle who live in every part of
the country, a grave damage is done to
the state of Florida. There is, of course,
much very valuable land there, and there
are wonderful opportunities for fruit and
vegetable growers who know or will
learn the business. Even to doubt the
possibility of draining the Everglades is
unnecessary. It is but a huge, complex
engineering problem calling for time,
money, expert knowledge, conscientious
work. The soil of the Everglades varies
greatly; in places irrigation will be essen-
tial, in others superfluous. How many
years, how much fertilizer, what special
treatment will be needed before crops can
be profitably grown? What crops will,
after all, succeed under the conditions
that will exist when the swamps are dry,
Can these be marketed promptly and
economically? The answers to these ques-
tions are not known and will not be until
the Everglades are finally drained. And
even then, there and everywhere and
always, a man who buys land that he has
not seen is — silly.

A WORLD’S WORK FARM CON-
FERENCE

RE’ theré competent persons who
A want farm-homes and do not
know how to find them? The
Worvp’s Work has proved that there
are many such persons. Within three
months 460 such men wrote to this maga-
zine and a larger number wrote during
the same time to the authors of recent
articles on successful agricultural enter-
prises in different parts of the country.
The accompanying map shows the places
of residence of the writers of the 460

THE WORLD’S WORK

letters that came to this office. Every
round dot on the map shows a place from
which somebody wrote an earnest letter;
and every cross shows a place or part of
the country about which some writer
inquired. These inquiries show two or
three general movements of people, as
was to be expected. The largest move-
ment is from the northern middle states
eastward, especially southeastward; and
smaller movements to the southwest and
to the northwest are shown.

But the next question is not quite so
easy — how to give these inquirers definite
and accurate information about particular
localities. To help answer this, the
Worvpb’s Work invited representatives
of the Agricultural Department at Wash-
ington and of the departments of the
states where land is much in demand, and
of the industrial or agricultural agents of
the principal railroad systems to a con-
ference at Garden City, N. Y., on February
15th. Thirty men came and the whole
subject was discussed by them at luncheon
and during the afternoon and further at
dinner.

The descriptions of farm-lands and of
farm-life issued by the states and by the
railroads are good, for they have constantly
become more definite. The writers of
these pamphlets and folders are getting
further and further from the vocabulary
and the point-of-view of the typical real
estate agent: they have less and less of
the “boom” tone and more and more of
the tone of the practical student of
country life. The best of this matter
makes a good preliminary guide. It
tells a man enough general facts to enable
him to make up his mind whether he
cares to inspect the neighborhood. They
give social as well as purely agricultural
facts.

This conference made it plain, first, that
these agencies — the states and the rail-
roads —are doing good work; but it
made it plain also that one essential task
is yet not done. Can a man find reasons
able local financial help if he buy a farm
in a given region? For instance, can he
borrow on his land a sum to pay his first

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616 THE WORLD’S WORK

year’s expenses at a reasonable interest?
What about markets, too?

Most men who seek farm-homes are
men of small capital, and the farmer, as
a rule, gets his money for his crop only
once a year. The financing of farm-
ventures — giving careful and safe finan-
cial help to trustworthy and capable
men — is one of the most imperative needs
of our time. And the sparsely settled
states might well consider whether it
would not be wise to further such work.
The railroad companies, perhaps, have
grave reasons to hesitate. But somebody
ought to do it. The nation did such
service, in effect, by the homestead law,
so long as there were good free public
lands; and it now makes the purchase of
irrigated land comparatively easy.

Here is a task for local credit-societies,
such as exist in Europe, and for such state-
help as Victoria, Australia, for example,
gives by selling land to settlers on perhaps
the most favorable terms on which land
can now be bought anywhere in the world.

There was brought out at this con-
ference, in many interesting ways, the
fact that the states and the railroads
desire good farmers on the untilled or
poorly tilled land—want them badly,
will work hard to get them, and appreciate
their economic and social value to the
utmost. Yet here are these 460 inquirers
— by this time there are 460 more — eager
to get good land. Some of them are finding
what they want; but many of them never
will find it, do what we may, what the
states may, and what the railroads may.

Nobody has yet quite mastered the
problem. It consists of even more ac-
curate and comprehensive authoritative
information not only about the land itself
but about credit, markets, the neighbor-
hood, schools, the organization of the
community, labor, the kind of welcome and
helpfulness that awaits a new comer.

All these things the Wortp’s Work
will try more and more fully to supply
information about. And in the meantime
it wishes publicly to thank the gentlemen
who came and by their discussions made
the complicated task clearer, and who help
to supply such information as is now
obtainable.

THE GREAT COUNTRY LIFE
MOVEMENT

N EXT to national politics the subject

that serious men seem most to

be thinking about and working
on in almost every part of the Union is
the organization and improvement of
country life. Consider these extraordinary
facts: The value of taim lands doubled
during the last decade. Yet there are
good farm lands-in parts of the country
that can be bought practically as cheap as
good farm lands were sold for a hundred
hears ago. Agriculture has been com-
pletely revolutionized by those who know
how to conduct it, but the revolution is
just beginning to take effect. It is more
profitable than it ever was. Yet the
drift to the cities is not checked because
country life, except in comparatively
small areas, is still unorganized.

Unless all signs fail, therefore, this
situation is quickly going to change.
A knowledge of these facts is becoming so
general and the meaning of them so plain
that we shall presently find ourselves in
an era of rural organization that will
mean a revolution. Some hints of this
varied activity may be got from such
incidents as follow, and hundreds more
could be got even from the current news:

“Circular of Information No. 29” of
the University of Wisconsin’s Agricultural
Experiment Station is about “a method
of making a social survey of a rural com-
munity.” A social survey, it explains,
“is an attempt to photograph the com-
munity so as to show every home in all its
social connections with all other homes.”
Such a photograph reveals “the lines of
strong, healthy socialization and discloses
the spots and lines of feeble association.”’
You are told how to take a social census
and to make social maps. Among such
possible maps are those showing the
newspapers and magazines read, the com-
munity events, homes with and homes
without children, and hired help. In a
few communities thus studied, the maps
show to what extent the country homes
and the village homes have a common

A rch RNIN i

THE MARCH OF EVENTS

social life. »Such commingling takes place
with the best country homes. Few tenant
homes on these maps take part in com-
munity activities. The maps show a
few isolated neighborhoods “neglected,
overlooked, or indifferent to social life.’
It was found, too, that nearly all the
“socialized’’ homes are on the main roads.
Back roads and bad roads meant social
backwardness.

Studies like this are the beginnings of
a real science of country organization,
and they emphasize the fact that isolation
is the mother of stagnation.

I]

Here is a pamphlet issued by the Com-
missioner of Agriculture and Immigration
of Virginia which contains a list of Virginia
farms for sale. It gives the name of the
owner, his post office, the county, the num-
ber of acres, the buildings on the farm, the
kind of farming, and in a few cases the
price. The Commissioner advises inquirers
to write directly to the owners.

So far, so good. But this pamphlet
doesn’t go far enough to be of much real
help. There are farms for sale in almost
every neighborhood of every state that is
as sparsely settled as Virginia. Now if
any such neighborhood would publish
an illustrated agricultural and social sur-
vey such as the University of Wisconsin
suggests, it would probably find the folks
that it is looking for — folks who would
make the soil yield wealth and make the
community life full and rich.

Such people are waiting for just such
information, and they don’t know where
to get it without travel, which they can’t
afford.

IT]

The National Education Association
appointed at its meeting last summer a
committee which is engaged, under the
chairmanship of Mr. E. T. Fairchild,
State Superintendent of Public Instruction
in Kansas, in preparing a report on “the
agencies for the betterment of rural school
conditions in the United States.” Sub-
committees are at work on all important
divisions of the task, from methods of
raising and using school funds to the

617

organization of neighborhood life about
the schools. Of the twelve million rural
children of school age in the whole country
less than three million complete the grades
of the primary school. This is another
way of saying that, as a whole, our country
schools are yet a farce; or, a better way
to say it is this: as a people we have not
yet taken up the task of the country school;
or, let us say, we haven’t country schools
yet —only one here and there. Thus
far practically all our schools are town
schools.

For instance, Mr. T. J. Coates, State
Supervisor of Rural Schools in Kentucky,
after a survey of Whitley County, said
in his report that there were 7,058 (or
63 per cent. of all) children in the county
who were out of school. Of 11,633 pupils
of school age only 24 completed the
elementary course in 1910, and only one
school in six had a single pupil to complete
the elementary course. The Supervisor
said to the people of the county: “If your
county supported as many unbroken and
untrained horses as it supports untrained
and idle men, your business men would
stand aghast.”’ But the point is that there
is now a Supervisor of Rural Schools —
a new office; and the people are for the
first time finding out the facts about their
own country life.

IV

The Bureau of Education at Washing-
ton, under Commissioner Claxton, is giving
emphasis to the subject. A recent mono-
graph, issued by the Bureau, prepared by
two professors of the Western Kentucky
State Normal School, Dr. Fred Mutchler
and Professor W. J. Craig, sets forth the
proposition that rural school teachers are
a positive force to depopulate the country
districts. The courses of study, the
method of teaching, the general tone and
influence of the country schools tend to
drive the young to the towns. The teachers
idealize city life and unconsciously lodge
the conviction in the youthful mind that
only the town means civilization and
opportunity and that the country means
monotony and duiness. Then the pam-
phlet cites such definite commercial facts
as these:

618 THE WORLD’S WORK

Canada’s country schools increased the
average yield of wheat 5 bushels an acre. The
same increase in the Kentucky corn-crop in
1910 would have been 18,500,000 bushels,
worth about $10,000,000. This sum would
have built 2,000 miles of good roads, or it
would have paid the expenses of the State’s
public schools for two-and-a-half years. And
what the rural schools can do for the corn-crop
they can do for almost any other crop if they
have capable teachers.

Then the writers of the pamphlet proceed
to lay down a proper course of study for
country schools. If you are interested,
send for a copy of it — “A Course of Study
for the Preparation of Rural School-
Teachers.” The Bureau of Education
at Washington distributes it free.

V

A few months ago a big meeting was
held at Spokane, Wash., with the codpera-
tion of the State Country Life Com-
missions of Washington, Idaho, Montana,
Oregon, and of the Spokane Chamber of
Commerce, the energetic and patriotic
moving spirit of which was Mr. David
Brown of Spokane. This was a seven-
days’ Congress, not of speeches only but
of exhibits and demonstrations of many
useful kinds. For example, the Grange
set up a model kitchen whereby it was
shown by measurements that a housewife
would save by its arrangements and de-
vices from 300 miles to 400 miles of walk-
ing every year. It was shown that a
septic tank costs only one third as much
as a coffin. Problems of marketing farm
produce were discussed; for it is as im-
portant to get $2 for the stuff that now
fetches $1 as it is to make two ears of
corn grow where only one now grows.
The country life institute or club near
Spokane is a remarkable gathering place
for men and women of the community —
a real country club where real country
people congregate and learn from one
another.

VI

Almost simultaneously such old states
as Maryland and Pennsylvania, and of
course a number of newer states, have
recently held big Rural Conferences,
meetings of three days or more at which

men and women of experience explain
practical plans. In such programmes
sanitation and codperative buying and
selling have an increasing share.

In Lewiston-Clarkston (Idaho and
Washington) there was lately opened a
school of horticulture, independent of all
other institutions, for the training of men
and women, most of them adults, for
practical orchard work, by short courses
of study. The orchard owners of the
valley and the business men of these two
cities have made it possible for this school
to give free instruction to residents of the
valley and to charge others a fee that is
little more than nominal.

VII

Another aspect of the “forward-to-the
land”” movement was mentioned in this
magazine two months ago by a writer who
said that many town men would go to
farming but for the hardship that farm
life has for their wives; and this drew from
Mrs. Caroline H. DeLong, of Kalamazoo,
Mich., this very true protest:

Drudges are born, and the farm need not
make them. It takes brains to avoid being a
drudge anywhere. Especially does it take
brains and ability to avoid being a farm drudge.
It takes all the skill that the highest training
she can get can give her. If she is college
educated, so much the better. She needs her
physics, her chemistry, and her sanitation
to help her find the essentials in her household
management and to help her attack them in
the most direct way.

The woman who dreads going on a farm
hasn’t yet made the acquaintance of the new
type of farmer’s wife. If she had she would
be envious for she is a much more alert and
useful woman than her city sister. She has
cultivated that variety of employment which
keeps all faculties alive; she has some outdoor
work and some indoor work, some _book-
keeping and some bargaining. The telephone
and the rural delivery are inexpensive and they
bring the community to her door. She has
much greater opportunity for public service
than the average city woman, for in the cit)
are many women of leisure who are looking
for something to do. What has become of
the drudgery? Some she has found is not
necessary. What she must do she resolves
into a problem of efficiency and manages so as
to save much time and strength.

THE MARCH OF EVENTS

It may take the woman a little longer than
the man to become imbued with the back-to-
the-soil spirit; but, if she will keep an open
mind, she will be convinced that vast oppor-
tunities lie before the farm woman of to-day.

So the man who has a reluctant wife needs
only to carry on a campaign of education, get
her informed and she will go with him.

VIII

It is not in the United States only that
good tillers of the soil are sought. The
state of Victoria, Australia, arranged a
cheap land-seekers’ excursion at low rates
and energetically solicited emigrants from
every part of our country. The cost of
a return trip from San Francisco ranged
from $64 to $200. The state has control
of all the water and has spent $16,000,000
on irrigation works; it owns large tracts
of irrigable land which it sells for a cash
payment of 3 per cent. and a payment of
6 per cent. a year for 313 years which will
complete the purchase. When the ex-
cursionists reach Melbourne, a state agent
will take them on state railways to ex-
amine these state lands, offered by the
state on these easy terms.

Here, then — to repeat.— surely is an
extraordinary fact: Agriculture, extensive
and intensive alike, has been revolution-
ized in every civilized land. In every
land there are individuals and communities
that have won such prosperity and happi-
ness as the soil never before yielded. The
applications of new scientific knowledge
have made the tilling of the earth a new
industry and the organization of rural
life has in places brought it to a degree
of efficiency and comfort never before
known. Yet there is an abundance of
good land in the United States that can
yet be bought as cheap as much land
was sold a hundred years ago; and from
many rich-soiled regions the people con-
tinue to flock to the towns.

This state of things will not long so
remain. But it is a humiliating comment
on the lack of training and on the lack
of knowledge and on the lack of courage
and initiative of this town-lured genera-
tion. The continued flocking to the town
is proof, too, of what organization can do
to attract men; for town-life is yet our

619

only organized life. A similar organiza-
tion of country life will produce similar
results.

THE REGENERATION OF WALL
STREET
N FOUR successive recent numbers of
| a weekly publication devoted to finan-

cial news, thereappeared items con-
cerning eighteen American industrial enter-
prises involving the news of issues of new
stocks and bonds of more than a_ million
dollars in each case and aggregating
$82,769,000. This was the grist of indus-
trial news concerning such corporations
in less than a single month of the past
winter.

This process is the culmination of four
years during which almost every import-
ant industry in the United States has
sought to raise money for carrying on its
business, for expansion, for paying debts, or
for strengthening working capital. In a
single great industry, the manufacturing of
harvest machinery, nearly $75,000,000 of
new money has been raised by the sale of
securities during this period. In the
automobile and motor truck trades an
even larger amount of capital has been
invested.

This tremendous gathering of cash has
two meanings. The first is the unbounded
belief of the manufacturing powers of the
country that industry is going forward,
when once it starts up, at a pace that has
never been equalled, and that will demand
a strength of resources that the old
methods of financing never could have
afforded. The second meaning is that
those who administered great manufactur-
ing plants discovered in 1907 and 1908
that bank-credit in times of stress is a
broken reed to lean upon. Hundreds of
prosperous industrial enterprises during
that trying time found themselves crippled
and sometimes in serious danger because
they could not borrow from the banks.
The source of cash with which they had
carried on their business in years past was
suddenly taken away from them. The
new financing represents the determina-
tion of these scattered manufacturers
never again to be caught dependent upon
bank credit.

620

These companies are not financing for
to-day, but for to-morrow. The carrying
out of their policy, therefore, at the present
time is not a fulfilment but a prophecy. It
means undoubtedly that the scattered manu-
facturers, particularly in Indiana, Illinois,
and Ohio, are looking forward to a period
of tremendous industrial growth and are
arming themselves for the greatest cam-
paigns of industry that they have ever
undertaken.

Going a little deeper into the matter,
one is astonished to find that the great
part of this new capital has _ been
raised not by the trusts but by independent,
separate, and individual manufacturing
plants. In several instances sums ranging
from $5,000,000 to $10,000,000 have been
raised in Wall Street by manufacturing
concerns the names of which had never
before appeared as active participants
in big financial matters. Such corpora-
tions as, for instance, the M. Rumely
Company, Deere & Co. and the J. I. Case
Threshing Machine Company, although
they are household words in the West and
possibly in all the agricultural regions of
the world, were practically unknown in
Wall Street. Their stocks had never been
traded in, and their bonds had never been
floated in this market. Yet these three
companies alone have raised in the great
financial market of the East something
approximating $20,000,000.

In this fact there is something more
than a mere record of a financial event.
Is it possible that the true function of the
Wall Street market is coming again to be
its chief activity? All men know that the
only real justification for the existence of a
great central securities market in which
men and institutions, corporations and
municipalities may barter and trade is
to provide a clearing house through which
industry, transportation, and commerce
may draw to their support the investment
capital of the nation and the world. For
years Wall Street has stood for something
different. For a number of years the

very name became a synonym all over the
world not for sober, decent, and honest
financial activity, but for stock market
gambling on a scale such as had never
been seen before.

THE WORLD’S WORK

But the events of this past year in Wall
Street may be signs of one of the most
significant changes in our financial organ-
ism. They may mean, in fact, that this
great financial mechanism is coming back
in the course of the next few years into
its proper place in the life of the nation.
It is certain, at any rate, that speculation
such as we saw in 1906 is dead in Wall
Street. It is also certain that, while the
great speculative houses have declined
and fallen into oblivion and eclipse, the
great investment houses have stood in the
forefront of the activities of the Street
as they have not stood before in more than
a decade. In fact the leaders of the
financial world to-day are men and insti-
tutions who are engaged in the task of
pouring into the industries, the public
utilities, and the transportation machinery
of the country capital gathered from all
the corners of the world; and they are
not engaged in speculation.

ABOUT FRENCH REVOLUTIONS
AND SUCH THINGS

HE Chairman of the greatest cor-

poration in the United States,

Mr. Gary of the Steel Corporation,

made a speech before a dinner in New York

a little time ago in the course of which he
said:

I say to you that things are being said and
printed similar to the incendiary speeches
which aroused the peasants of France and
caused the French Revolution. Unless some-
thing is done, the spark will burst into a flame.
I am not asking for sympathy, nor have |
hoisted a flag of distress. I suppose it is onl)
fair to say that, perhaps, we men of great in-
fluence have not always done exactly right.
I think that it would be better if we sought
to remedy some of the ills of the body politic,
and, instead of taking offense, seek to benefit
by criticism, however unjust.

Unless the capitalists, the corporations, the
wealth of this country take the first step in
this direction, and assume a leading position
in the fight to remedy evils, that action will be
taken out of our hands by the mob. M\
counsel to the big interests of the country is
to deal squarely with their employees.

There are many men of high station in
the business world who say that they

THE MARCH OF EVENTS

share this fear. Their theory is that if
you don’t give the public what it wants
the public will become violent. This
is very much older than the French revolu-
tion and as old, in fact, as the time when
one man first became superior to his
fellows.

But such a public utterance is not the
soberly thought out judgment of our in-
dustrial leaders. We have heard the
same thing often before. It was in fact
a constant theme of conversation during
the great coal strike of a few years ago,
and long before that in the days of the
Homestead strike and the Pullman strike.
It has been, in fact, the cry of capital
whenever the dominancy of capital seemed
to be threatened even in an unimportant
corner of the business world.

Sober men in the United States are not
much afraid of socialism, anarchy, nihilism,
French revolutions, or any other such
final resorts of passion and desperation.
One can see in the determined effort of the
people to check the tyranny of gigantic
combinations and to cut off the sources
of monopolistic power the very strongest
possible cure for all the causes that
underlay not only the French revolution
but every revolution of its sort in history.

What the people of this country want
is not the destruction of capital, the ruin
of great industries nor the wiping out of
vested rights. What they want is so to
regulate capital, industry, and the use of
vested rights that these ancient and
honorable institutions may not be al-
lowed to rush forward into self-destruction
as they did in France in the days of the
terror and as they did in almost every
instance of widespread mob_ violence
that Mr. Gary or any one else can cite
from history. This is what the people
demand, that capital, industry, and vested
rights shall be the servant and not the
master of the nation; for the results which
Mr. Gary fears flow only from the gaining
of too great power over the people by the
masters of capital, of industry, and wealth.
There isn’t the slightest danger of French
revolutions from the people so long as
they have, what they are now using,
the power of compelling publicity, investi-
gation and, when necessary, prosecution.

621

THE AMERICANIZING OF FRANCE
AND THE’ FINANCING OF
EUROPE

RANCE is becoming Americanized.
} There is noticeable, throughout
the country, a growing appetite
for luxury, an increasing use of those
aids to the comfort of living which,
until five years ago, Frenchmen of the
middle class considered far and away
beyond their means, but which the average
American of equal station has long counted
among the common necessities of life.
Bathrooms, electric lights, telephones,
steam heated apartments, musical instru-
ments, and labor saving appliances in the
kitchen have, until very recently, not
been deemed adjuncts to a comfortable
existence by a Frenchman of the bourgeois
class. His formula for living comprised
only a simple diet and barren surround-
ings. His idea of happiness was to live
on a comparatively fixed income, to cut
the garment of his daily necessities accord-
ing to the cloth of his productiveness with
a generous slice left over for the rainy
day hoard. Adherence to this formula in
the last quarter of a century has won for
the French middle class the just title of
“the greatest money-saver of the world.”
In no other way than by the most rigid
self denial could the French have become
such a nation of capitalists. It is thrift
and not cheapness that has made them
so. For the average income of French-
men of the middle class gives them no
advantage over Americans in “the high
cost of living’’ as estimated by the cost of
the three actual necessities of life: food,
shelter, and clothing. A _ table recently
prepared by James E. Dunning, United
States consul at Havre, proves that the
average cost of food in Havre and other
provincial cities is 50 per cent. higher
than in American cities of the same rank.
Rents in both countries are practically
the same, but the French tenant gets
none of those modern conveniences which
an American landlord feels compelled to
provide without extra charge. In France,
a flat or small house without a bath or
anything but the simplest sanitary appli-
ances, rents for $150 to $200 a year, and

622

the Frenchman who insists upon better
accommodations must pay $300 to $900,
according to the location and size of the
house. Among the middle class in France,
the rent ordinarily is reckoned at one
tenth the total income, while in America
it is the custom in our cities to spend one
sixth or even one fourth merely to keep
a roof over our heads.

The tendency toward Americanization
in France is well illustrated by the fact
that recently, in many of the provincial
cities, apartment houses have been erected
that are equipped with elevators, bath-
rooms, and heating appliances and that
compare favorably with American stand-
ards. These apartments rent for $800
to $1,000 a year and the demand far ex-
ceeds the present supply. And American
methods of advertising —all the allure-
ments about “labor saving’’—and the
seductive plans for “easy payments,”
have whetted the appetite for luxury, in
the middle class of France. Out of these
advertising methods has grown the de-
mand for ornamental furniture, musical

instruments — self-playing pianos and
phonographs — fireless cookers, electric
flat-irons, and illustrated periodicals. Low

priced automobiles manufactured in the
United States are coming into more
common use —the importation of these
cars was $150,000 in 1910 against only
$16,000 in 1907. Even the wretched
telephones of the French government
service are coming into popular favor.
This growing appetite for luxuries must
result in taking from the French their
title of “money savers.” Their stocking-
purses cannot long withstand the drain
of these new demands. And then a very
real problem will confront the world, for
these stocking-purses have financed many
wars and many railroads; and financiers
will not easily find a substitute for their
rich yield of cash for new enterprises.

AN UNCONSCIOUS CARRIER OF

DEATH
OTH the amazing ways of com-
municable diseases and the almost
equally amazing possibility of

thwarting them are shown by this experi-
ence reported in the Journal of the Ameri-

THE WORLD’S WORK

can Medical Association by Dr. Charles
Boldman and Mr. W. Carey Noble, of
the New York Department of Health:

One man, two years ago, sent 380 per-
sons to bed with a dangerous illness, and
spread an epidemic of typhoid fever that
threatened the safety of half the popula-
tion of New York City before the source
of infection was found. He was a dairy-
man, and an unusually cleanly and careful
dairyman, too. But the officers of the
New York Board of Health, by patient
investigation, made the extraordinary dis-
covery that he had been a typhoid bacillus-
carrier for forty-six years. In that time
he had infected three of his daughters, his
son-in-law, two of his hired men, and, every
year since 1866, he has, on an average, in-
fected fourteen of his neighbors in Camden,
N. Y., or about 544 in all. “Camden fever’’
had become a fixed name for typhoid with
the Camden doctors, who would not
believe that so many cases of real typhoid
could occur every year in such a small
village. The reason the infection had not
gone farther at an earlier time was that
this dairyman did not sell his milk to the
creamery, but only to the villagers of
Camden. During the month preceding
the outbreak in New York City, he had
been in the habit of taking his left-over
milk across the road to his son-in-law, who
included his father-in-law’s milk in his
own shipments to the creamery.

Here is an example of the startling
possibilities of infection that have come
with the complex inter-relations of modern
life. One man, in a week’s time, unknown
to himself, endangered the health of
4,000,000 unsuspecting people — for,
mark you, the health officers noticed the
epidemic on August 28th and closed his
dairy September ist; but even with such
quick work as this the epidemic had
spread to “really enormous proportions.”

One such typhoid bacillus-carrier carries
greater power of destruction than a war
fleet. If it be discouraging that he lived
unsuspected in a small community for
forty-six years, it is also encouraging that
he was discovered within three days as
soon as the disease broke out in a com-
munity that commanded specialists, bac-
teriologists, and laboratories.

te

WHAT HAPPENED

HIS is the story of a com-

fortable little fortune and the

things that came of it. It is

the episode of a Connecticut

woman and of the way she
gained her meagre education in the science
of finance.

Many years ago a company was started
in Connecticut to manufacture a spe-
cialty that was used in the beautifying of
women’s faces. It succeeded, and for
twenty years it earned very handsome
dividends on its stock, which was small
and which was owned almost exclusively
by its officers and directors. About nine
years ago one of the principal officers died
and left to his widow an estate consisting
of about $8,000 in cash and real estate,
and stock in the company that paid her
dividends of $6,000 a year. She sold her
Connecticut property, moved to New
York, and bought a house on the West
Side. Here she settled down to live in
peace and comfort with her only daughter.

Four years ago the dividends dropped
suddenly from $1,500 a quarter to $750.
She made diligent inquiry about the
matter, and discovered that certain new
electrical appliances that had recently
been invented had seriously cut into the
market for the old product, and indeed
threatened its extinction before very long.
The management was perfectly honest
and candid in its statement to her. She
decided to sell her stock. She offered it
at first for what she thought it was worth,
later for what she thought she could get
for it, and at last for almost a song; but
there were no buyers willing to take it at
any price. A year ago it ceased paying
dividends altogether. Last summer she
managed to dispose of it, receiving a little
more than $1,000 for assets which had
produced for her for many years an income
of $6,000 a year.

When the problem of saving this diffi-
cult situation first came up, it was apparent
that no ordinary financial operations could
be of any avail. It was obvious that

TO ONE WOMAN

either she or her daughter must turn into
cash whatever latent possibilities they
possessed for the earning of money. Under
advice, the daughter took a commercial
education. The house, of course, was
sold. A year or so ago the daughter went
to work and they moved into a small
apartment in the city. Later on the relics
of a fortune were invested in a sound and
substantial way, and upon the little
income from this and the proceeds of the
labor of a clever and ambitious girl life
goes on apparently in a very happy and
not at all a poverty-stricken way. There-
fore, this little story ends without much
real misery to cap the climax.

The object of telling it here is to point
the inevitable moral. It is the same old
moral of the eggs and the basket, but it
is in a slightly novel setting, for it is the
story of a basket which was really carefully
watched and which its owner had every
reason to believe was a sound and secure
basket. In fact, it is simply the common-
place story of a commonplace thing —a
thing that about nine business men in ten
will inevitably do and that thousands of
business men do all over the country every
year.

As I write, | have before me full lists
of securities owned by twenty estates
placed on file in three New York counties
in the last month. These statements
furnish some first rate illustrations of
this same habit. In one, for instance, the
entire estate is represented by a substan-
tial block of Borden’s Condensed Milk
common stock. That is a very good
stock, as industrials go, but the man who
would leave a family dependent upon an
investment of that sort without at the
same time leaving instructions that the
estate should be split up and diversified,
would be simply laying up for his heirs the
same sort of trouble encountered by the
woman in Connecticut.

In another of these estates, the total
value of which is less than $140,000, |
find two items, one of $50,000 in a railroad

624

bond, and the other of more than 1,500
shares of a cold storage warehouse com-
pany. The other items are negligible.
It would be interesting if one could dig
into the past and find out by what process
of mind any one reached the conclusion
that nearly the entire wealth of a family
should be wrapped up in two items of this
sort. In another estate of $30,000, more
than $20,000 is in the stock of a little gas
company 2,000 miles away; while in an
estate of $62,000 there are 520 shares of a
local street railway. A_ strange little
estate is made up almost exclusively of
securities representing the taxicab business
in the principal cities of the country.

Purely on a guess, and without knowing
anything about it, it is pretty logical to
conclude that in one of these estates there
is represented the wisdom, or the lack of
it, of a man who had some connection
with the milk business, of another man who
had strong connection with the cold
storage business, of a third who had some
knowledge of the gas business, and of still
another who had some connection, direct
or indirect, with the business of operating
taxicabs.

It does not take the wisdom of Solomon
to discover that none of these four busi-
nesses is apt to be represented by stocks
that are sufficiently stable, solid, and
permanent to satisfy the care that a man
ought to project far into the future to
look out for those dependent upon him.
Milk is a staple article of diet; but stocks
of milk concerns come anew into the
market every year and go betimes the
way of most industrial enterprises. Gas
is a public necessity; but gas stocks rise
and fall sometimes with astonishing swift-
ness. Cold storage is a wonderful system,
but who dare guarantee the permanence
of any one plant or any one company?
Taxicabs doubtless are a permanent form
of vehicle, but the percentage of mortality
in the companies that own them is ex-
tremely high. Therefore, one would say

that all these men, wise and successful
as they may have been in life, bid fair to
prove but foolish failures after their death
unless they provided for a much better and
more permanent investment of their funds
after the courts have passed upon them.

THE WORLD’S WORK

There is no other form of investment so
alluring as industrial stocks, but some
times one is moved to wonder as one finds
huge blocks of them held in the hands of
women who live upon the income; for
all men know that while industrial stocks
are probably the most profitable form for
the business use of money they are also
the least stable and the least secure form
of permanent investment in the hands of
those who cannot in the nature of things
watch them closely.

One of the greatest industrial corpora-
tions in the country manufactures a
specialty that may be found in almost
every home in the land and that makes
a special appeal to women. | have the
list of its stockholders before me as |
write. In this list there are twenty-one
women who hold 500 shares apiece, that
is, $50,000 or more of this one stock. It
happens that one woman of whose affairs
I know something is a large stockholder
in this concern. She lives on a very high
scale of wealth. I do not believe that she
has a single investment in the world or a
single asset, except a little real estate and
personal property, outside her investment
in this stock. In her case the investment
was made for her by an adviser and was
not a bequest. It has turned out won-
derfully well and she has, to-day, nothing
to regret about it; but every time one
thinks of it one is inclined to go imme-
diately and look up the news of the latest
trust prosecution, the latest strikes, and
the latest new inventions in household
articles; for there is in every industrial
venture of this sort, no matter how great
and powerful it may be, the primary
element of financial tragedy such as that
with which this story began.

It is strange that out of all the experi-
ence of all the world in matters of invest-
ment it has not become a universal axiom
that money entrusted to one enterprise
or one security is money engaged in busi-
ness, and not money invested. The fact
of the matter is, of course, that this really
is an axiom amongst scientific investors.
Any insurance commissioner in any state
who caught an insurance company invest-
ing 50 per cent. or even 25 per cent. of
its assets in any one security would put

AN AMERICAN ADVENTURE IN BRAZIL

the lid on that insurance company in a
hurry. Any bank examiner who dis-
covered a bank doing the same thing would
report it immediately to the Department.
Every banking law provides a limit be-
yond which a bank may not lend to any
one borrower or invest in any one security.
The Savings Bank Law of New York
provides, for instance, that not more than
10 per cent. of the assets of any bank
shall be invested in any one railroad bond,
even inside the state itself and under the
most rigid restrictions, nor more than
5 per cent. in any other railroad bond.

If one runs over the history of all the
great collapses that have occurred in all
parts of the world in matters of finance,
one finds in many cases that what led to
ruin and disaster was simply the neglect
of some one to comply with this very
clear and well established rule. The
Baring collapse in England was due to
over-loading in Argentine securities. From
our own history, it is enough perhaps to
recall the collapse of the Trust Company
of the Republic in 1903 as a result of
similar over-trading, and a narrow escape
from a similar episode in the case of the
Tennessee Coal and Iron Company and
one of the banks in 1907.

625

Let us take it as an established fact
in the world of banking and big finance
that no sane and honest officer, executor,
administrator, trustee, or individual would
dare to venture any large part of a fund
entrusted to his care in the securities of
any one institution, corporation, or firm.
Why then is it that in the most sacred
and serious trust, namely, providing for
the future of one’s dependents, a man will
leave almost if not quite his entire fortune
wrapped up as it were in a single napkin,
and often not too secure a napkin at that?

The answer is, of course, lack of educa-
tion. No educated investor would take
such a chance. Business men are not
investors, and in this country they are
prone to ignore the very simple funda-
mental rules worked out by the experi-
ence of the world for the conservation of
money. Doubtless the time will come, in
the industrial history of this country,
when the handling of fortunes from
generation to generation will become so
much a matter of habit and of precedent
that it will be done scientifically and
sensibly, but perhaps it is too much to
hope that in this first generation of in-
dustrial wealth anything but haphazard
methods can prevail—C. M. K.

AN AMERICAN ADVENTURE IN BRAZIL

A SEARCH FOR GOLD THAT LED 5,500 MILES, TO THE SOURCE OF THE AMAZON,
UP THE RIBERAO RAPIDS, THROUGH THE JUNGLE, ACROSS THE
PAMPAS, AND DOWN THE PARAGUAY

ALEXANDER P. ROGERS

PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR

N 1768, eight years before the Revolu-
tionary War, a Portuguese soldier of
fortune breasted the vast current of
the Amazon upward past the mouths
of dozens of tributary streams, braved

hundreds of miles of rapids, risked the
fever of the swamps, escaped the arrows
of unseen Indians that lurk even yet in the
thick undergrowth, hacked and crashed his
way through the tropical jungle, and found,

at last, thousands of miles from the coast,
a little vein of gold that made him rich.
In 1911, the fame of this old pioneer’s
discovery came to the ears of an American
capitalist, who commissioned me to make
the same journey to the same spot to
prospect once more for gold. My trip
was very different from the Portuguese.
The differences measure much of the
progress of the world since 1768. |

626

traveled the same streams and traversed
the same jungle, but 900 miles of the
journey from the coast was made on a
sea-going steamship; along here | passed
cable stations momently in touch with all
the world; “wireless” annihilated the
next 500 miles of wilderness; busy Ameri-
cans building a modern railroad and con-
quering the fever by methods learned at
Panama broke the solitude of the next
220 miles; steam launches screeched where
the Portuguese had paddled a canoe; fort-
unes in crude rubber destined for New
York and London floated by me where
nothing but driftwood had broken the
surface of the river he ascended.

I entered this region by going up the
Amazon to one of its sources, near which
the mine was located. Instead of return-
ing by the same route, I crossed a low
divide to the River Paraguay and came
down that river to Buenos Aires, a trip few
white men in recent years have taken.

The ship I was on— like all ocean
vessels entering the Amazon — called first
at the city of Para and then went through
a tortuous channel south of the island of
Marajo for twenty-four hours before
reaching the main river. In this way we
avoided many of the dangerous bars at
the mouth of the river and had deep
water all the way to the city of Manaos,
900 miles up stream. During most of
this distance, the Amazon averages be-
tween three and four miles in width,
with nothing of interest to see except a
low wall of green jungle upon either bank,
so far away that no details could be dis-
tinguished. The scenery was a disap-
pointment, and the beautiful birds one
reads about were remarkable chiefly for
their absence.

It was very warm, and as there are few
settlements or points of interest along the
banks, I was heartily glad to reach Ita-
coatiara, near the mouth of the Madeira
River, where | was to leave the steamer
and go up the Madeira, while the steamer
went on up the main Amazon to Manaos.
Here there really seemed to be life. Large
steamers were anchored close to the shore
and a busy little launch was scurrying
from one to another, all the time giving
out an unearthly screech from its tiny

THE WORLD’S WORK

whistle as it tried to hurry the transfer
of baggage to the Madeira-Mamoré stea-
mer waiting to take us up to the railroad
that our countrymen are building through
the jungle around the Madeira Rapids.
Such hurry seemed a little out of place in
old Brazil, but I had not been in the
country for ten years and did not realize
how times have changed with the advent
of Americans. The sleepy tropics can
not destroy their electric energy, and even
the shiftless natives catch a little of the
hustling spirit in spite of themselves.

The steamer we now embarked on was
a river boat designed for the special use
of the railroad. It makes the trip of
700 miles from Itacoatiara to Porto Velho
—the lower terminus of the road — in
four days under favorable conditions.
She has two decks and a number of cabins,
but most of these were reserved as dressing
rooms for the use of ladies, and every one
swung his or her hammock on the upper
deck to get the air.

The crowd aboard was made up of
employees of every branch of the railroad
service, from the head contractor and his
family, trained nurses for the hospital,
engineers and mechanics, down to the
Greek and Spanish laborers on the road.
Four days of such travel is apt to prove
demoralizing, but every one was good-
natured and all friction was forgotten
when Porto Velho came in sight. This
is the lower terminus of the Madeira-
Mamoré road — a wonderful feat of Amer-
ican engineering, accomplished in spite of
almost insurmountable difficulties and
untold suffering. Even now, it could not
be sanely undertaken without the ex-
perience gained at Panama in battling
against the deadly fevers. When this
road was first conceived by the Brazilian
Government, tropical sanitation was not
so well understood as it is to-day, and the
first attempt met with dismal failure.
Men sent to start the work died in a few
weeks from fever, and the survivors fled
in terror. Finally, Americans of indomi-
table courage became interested, and, by a
lavish expenditure of money on the most
up-to-date sanitary arrangements and a
perfect hospital service, they have brought
it almost to completion. To one who

AN AMERICAN ADVENTURE IN BRAZIL

travels over the line to-day in a comfortable
coach, these statements may sound like
exaggerations, as there are no great
mountains to pass over and all he sees
are swamps and jungles; but in those
quiet jungles lurk the most intangible
of deadly foes, in the form of microbes
and poisonous creatures against which
you have no chance without costly
preparation.

Porto Velho is a thriving little place
supplied with the best of everything,
even a weekly paper giving the news along
the line for the benefit of the employees.
The greatest care is taken to avoid dis-

627

ease: every house in town is_ heavily
screened with mosquito netting. Every
traveler is vaccinated on the boat before
arrival, and examined for other symptoms
which may endanger the community.
Those who show even a trace of sickness,
are sent at once to the hospital.

On the highest hill, the railroad company
has built one of the most powerful wire-
less stations in the world to communicate
with Manaos across 500 miles of swamps
and jungle. But this is only for business
messages and for those extreme emer-
gencies of personal communication where
wireless and cable talk are worth their

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MR. ROGERS’S ROUTE THROUGH SOUTH AMERICA
FROM PARA TO BUENOS AIRES, A DISTANCE AS GREAT AS A COAST TRIP FROM MAINE TO SEATTLE
BY WAY OF PANAMA, WHICH, EXCEPT FOR A STRETCH OF 180 MILES, WAS MADE
BY HIS PARTY IN BOATS

628

cost. So everybody at Porto Velho looks
forward to the arrival of the steamer, as
it brings the mail and news from those at
horne.

My mission, however, was to take me
far beyond all this, to the source of the
great river. There are 200 miles of
vicious rapids above Porto Velho, and,
with ten tons of freight to carry, | was
extremely busy in making preparations.
In ten days, however, | was ready. We
went by rail about 100 miles to the present
end of the line at construction camp No.
26, and there boarded our native boat
—a low-lying craft with the bow lines of
a racing yacht, the better to take the
rapids.

These boats are the best freight carriers
that could be devised for this risky busi-
ness where one must paddle or pole over
quiet waters and pull them by main force
over the ugly rapids. Down stream they
shoot all but the worst places with varying
success. The men who handle them be-
come very skilful in their trade, but they
would try the patience of a saint. Mostly
Negroes of Brazilian stock, with a dash
of Indian in their blood, they work when
they feel just like it with tremendous
energy. To my sorrow, I found that they
did not feel like it very often, especially
when we were in a hurry. Seventeen men
to a 10-ton boat is the usual crew, with a
master pilot in the stern, manipulating a
giant rudder to steer through the rushing
waters while the rowers ply their paddles.
Every man, in addition to his work, keeps
an eagle eye upon the shore for any kind of
game, and when he sees it everyone stops
paddling while the pilot takes a shot.
Our old pilot was an expert at this busi-
ness: almost every time he shot he
knocked over a turkey or a monkey.

In going upstream, we kept our boat as
close to the shore as possible in order to
avoid the strongest current. The men
paddled in unison, starting slowly and
gradually increasing their speed until
the stroke oar in the bow gave a long hoot.
The next three strokes were finished by a
flourish of the paddle, throwing the water
high in air, after which they all settled
down to work again at a much lower stroke
until the same operation was repeated.

THE WORLD’S WORK

When a place was reached where the
current was too swift the paddles were
discarded and the men resorted to poling,
or, if that was not effective, most of them
jumped ashore, taking a heavy hawser,
and pulled the boat along by main force.
When one of the larger rapids was reached,
however, the process was quite different.
A loaded boat cannot be pulled over these;
so the crew unloaded the cargo and
carried it around the rapid, sometimes
for half a mile or more. Then they
dragged the boat up over the falls to
the smooth water above and reloaded it.
Sometimes we spent three days at one of
these places; and there were more than
twenty of them altogether.

I built a shelter of palm leaves over the
stern of the boat to protect us from the
murderous sun, and from the rain which
may come down at any hour. We always
tried to keep moving until darkness made
us halt, but the natives do not like to be
rained on, as it may produce a chill and
lay them low with fever. For this
reason we often tied up until the sky
cleared. The natives all have the fever
in their systems, even the most husky
looking, and among our crew there were
always one or two men so sick that they
had to be taken care of.

Every night we camped on the shore.
On the Madeira this is not the pleasant
task one is used to in the Adirondacks,
but after a few days’ practice we were
able to devise a system to accomplish
the disagreeable work in the shortest
time. Certain men were told off to clear
away the jungle for our tent, while others
took the baggage ashore and the cook
prepared the supper. I tried to clear the
jungle myse!f with a machete, but soon
learned the folly of it when a swarm of
small red ants dropped down from the
trees I touched, and made me run to cover.
They are the most vicious little beasts
that one would care to meet and will
bite right through a heavy shirt. While
they are no kinder to the natives, the
effect seems to be less startling.

The custom of the country is to sleep
in a hammock swung between two trees,
but I found a folding cot-bed, with the
finest cheesecloth mosquito nets, far su-

AN AMERICAN ADVENTURE IN BRAZIL

perior. The mosquitoes that spread the
bad fever have rather late habits, for-
tunately, which enabled us to enjoy the
evenings in comparative safety until
9 or 10 o'clock. In fact, this was the
pleasantest time of day and really the
only time when some kind of insect pest
was not on the rampage. During the
night we hung our clothes and boots to
the top of the tent, or took them to bed
with us, out of reach of another kind of
ant which loves to eat them: leather shoe
strings seemed to be their special hobby
and they would cut them all to pieces
every time they had a chance.

Every few daysiwe came to one of the
big rapids where the freight had to be
unloaded and packed around by hand.
After this laborious task had been accom-
plished and everyone had a good rest,
the hawser was passed forward to the
men along the shore, and the boat was
shoved off with the pilot at the rudder
and two men standing in the bow holding
its nose to the current with their long
poles. Slowly the boat would be drawn
up to the swiftest waters, the men on the
cable all heaving together while a leader
urged them on.

It was seldom, however, that it could
be drawn up by this simple method. It
would strike some projecting boulder or
get wedged between two rocks, and _ all
their efforts could accomplish nothing
until those in the boat jumped overboard
and lifted it by the combined force of all.

Our 'pilot gave a fine exhibition of cool
nerve in this dangerous work. The tow-
ing line once got caught below a sunken
boulder while the boat was in a most dan-
gerous position half way up a raging tor-
rent. The water was too deep and swift
to stand in near the bow, so he jumped in,
holding fast to the tow line, and pulled him-
self along under water until he was out of
breath; then, after coming to the surface
for a moment, he dived down again along
the rope. 1 was sure he would be drowned
or hurt before he reached the boulder;
but I was mistaken, for he soon freed it
and came drifting back to safety, yelling
for everyone to pull.

One famous rapid is called the Riberao.
Here, even the boat must be dragged

629

overland for half a mile. Usually several
boats arrange to arrive at this place to-
gether and help one another around, for
a single crew is not strong enough to drag
one of these heavy boats on skids. When
such an arrangement cannot be made,
blocks and tackle must be rigged somehow.

As the men all knew how to do it with-
out any outside advice, | amused myself
by bathing while they worked. The
pleasure of this sport, however, was
largely spoiled by the necessity of being
constantly on the watch for some wily
alligator or stingaree, so | usually con-
tented myself with a very short dip and a
long scrub on shore.

After days of such traveling | reached
Villa Bella, at the mouth of the Rio
Beni, the first settlement in Bolivia, and
the gateway to the wonderfully rich
Acre rubber country. Villa Bella is one
of the dreariest places | ever saw. Prob-
ably more barbarities have been _per-
petrated here, by a cowardly set of vil-
lains who are in power, than in any other
part of South America. They entice
peons to come here from the interior of
Bolivia under the promise of high wages.
As soon as the unsuspecting natives
arrive, they are arrested upon complaint
of an agent of these men, who charges
that the peons owe him a sum of money
They are taken before the judge, who
is also an accomplice and he imme-
diately finds the peons guilty and sen-
tences them to work out the debt on the
boats that carry gold and rubber down
the rapids. The conspirators own the
boats, of course. They force the victims
to work until they drop from exhaustion
or die of fever. This conscription has
been carried to such extent that there
are not enough natives left to do the work
to-day. If they will not work, the poor
creatures are taken to the jail and stretched
out on the ground while a burly ruffian
gives them from 200 to 500 lashes with a
deadly leather whip. You can tell these
sufferers ever after, if they survive the
ordeal, by the peculiar walk they have.
We were told everywhere that the Bo-
livian crews were far better workers than
their Brazilian brethren and I believe
they are, but after seeing the reason for

630
it at Villa Bella, | did not wonder much.
I actually saw one boat’s crew of Bolivians
work for two long days in the blazing sun
without being given a thing to eat except
a little cold salted beef, while they paddled.
Among the peons, a smile is rare.

I was glad to leave Villa Bella, especially
after being charged a pound sterling per
day for a room without meals in the only
hotel. The only furniture in this room
was a box and a tin basin, and the floor
was dirt. No one, however, lives there
for his health.

Above Villa Bella the river is called the
Mamoré for some strange reason. There
are only fifteen or twenty miles of rapids
before reaching the quiet waters at
Guajara-Merim, but it required ten days
of strenuous effort for us to get over them.
Guajara-Merim is 220 miles from Porto
Velho and will be the future terminus of the
railroad. When the road is completed
the train will cover, in one day, this dis-
tance which had taken us thirty-five days
to make in our boat.

The railroad will do a tremendous busi-
ness, although at the present time it is
difficult to realize where in the world it
will come from with so few towns in evi-
dence. This is the gateway to a vast coun-
try in which wealthy companies gather the
finest grade of Para rubber. They have
been forced heretofore to send it to market
by other slow and expensive routes, but,
with the opening of the railroad, it will
all come out this way. And there will be
a large return traffic of the things these
people will buy from the markets of the
world.

A dozen river steamers ply a lucrative
trade on the upper Mamore and on its
greatest tributary, the Rio Guaporé.
As these boats have no sailing schedules,
you must await your chance to catch
one when it happens to come along. I
was so fortunate as to find one the follow-
ing day ready to take my party up to
Matto Grosso, which is at the head of
navigation on the Rio Guaporé, nearly a
thousand miles from Gaujara-Merim. This
distance we were now to make ina 75-foot
steam launch, with two open decks and a
mixed Bolivian and Indian crew. The
launch had no cabins (none of these upper

THE WORLD’S WORK

river boats have), but we had the boat
all to ourselves and with several tent
flies it was easy to rig up a crude shelter
against the rain. Every night we tied
up to the bank near some protected spot
where no savages could get at us, and for
double protection everyone slept on the
river side when that was possible. For
the country along this river is populated
in places by aborigines who creep upon an
unguarded person and pelt him with a
shower of huge arrows that fly with great
force. You seldom see these fellows, and
they never make a sound, but they can
shoot with wonderful accuracy. Only a
rifle can scare them off, though we found
that a long shriek from the whistle had
a splendid effect in shattering their nerves.
We met their more civilized brethren in
every settlement; in fact, we had some of
them among our crew. They were sober,
silent fellows, with the characteristic
straight black hair and high cheek-bones
of our own Indians, and were the best
workers that we had for tasks that
required no great brain work.

The country all along here was so very
flat that the river seemed to be con-
stantly tying itself into bowknots, until
suddenly it would straighten out and
shoot off on a long tangent for several
miles before another turn appeared. We
amused ourselves by shooting alligators;
and whenever a stop was made to cut
firewood, someone would get a turkey or
fat duck for the table. This hunting on
shore had its disadvantages, however, for
you were almost certain to be stung or
bitten by the ants and other creatures
which seemed to be just as plentiful up
here as on the Madeira River.

Two days after leaving Guajara-Merim
we arrived at the Fortalesa da Beira,
which is the first settlement on the Rio
Guaporé. This place, near the mouth of
several rivers, was at such a strategic
point that the early Portuguese governors
of Brazil erected an imposing fortress on
a hill behind the town to guard the upper
river from their enemies in Bolivia. The
old fortress is fast falling to decay, and it
has been nearly swallowed up in the
jungle; but it must have been a master-
piece in its day. The massive walls are

AN AMERICAN ADVENTURE IN BRAZIL

made of fine cut stone. Inside the
fortress a town was laid out, and a tunnel
was run to the river so that drinking
water might be obtained in case of siege.
In one part of the town | found a maze
of corridors with hidden pitfalls and other

pleasant little surprises that the in-
habitants had prepared for unwelcome
guests.

These early adventurers were truly a
most wonderful race of men, although |
have no doubt they were as tough char-
acters as one would care to meet. We
were supposed to be exploring an unknown
region, and here we found proof that it
had been run over fully 150 years ago by
these indomitable gold seekers, who seemed
to have had no more fear of fevers or
savages than we did, for all our medicines
and high power rifles.

They were remarkably successful in
their search for gold too, and found every
mine which is known to-day in that
region. Their energy was _ prodigious,
for the nearest settlement was at Para,
distant eight months of hard labor by
boat, over a route beset by the dangers
of savage attack.

The river became extremely crooked
toward its upper end and the water
hyacinths at times made our progress
not only slow but really exciting. We
never knew what each sharp turn held
in store for us until the turn was past.
Once we ran smash into a fallen tree that
stretched out over the water and lost
the bow support to the upper deck; at
another place the chicken coop on the
after deckhouse was brushed overboard
and the chickens were nearly drowned.
But they climbed out somehow, and the
rooster began to crow. But the incidents
of this kind were trivial and merely added
zest or amusement to the trip, until
finally a huge limb put the bathroom out
of business. That was the last straw;
but fortunately we arrived at Matto
Grosso that same evening, before any
more accidents occurred.

We were now almost 3,000 miles up the
Amazon from the city of Para, and at the
head of navigation, except for small
canoes that can go nearly 200 miles farther
by climbing over rapids. Matto Grosso

631

was once a very important place when
the mines in the vicinity were turning
out their gold. To-day, however, its
glory has all vanished, leaving desolation
in its wake. Some 200 ex-slaves are all
that are left of its once considerable
population. Their principal amusement
seems to be in having fiestas, and one of
these fiestas was under way the day we
arrived. A lot of crazy Negroes were
dancing and singing a weird chant through
the deserted streets, all the while beating
time on a curious set of instruments which
gave forth a melody that sounded some-
thing like the hoochee koochee tunes. The
Negroes were all dressed in outlandish
costumes. They were in deadly earnest,
and so was the solemn procession that
followed them, men and women, headed
by an old couple dressed as king and
queen. It was just such a scene of child-
ish and superstitious make-believe as
one would find in the darkest part of
Africa.

While this parade was in progress, a
set of boys in the plaza were firing off a
toy cannon, made from gas-pipe, and some
home-made rockets, under the direction
of the priest.

I was amused for a time, but after four
days of this spectacle, with an all-night
variety of tum-te-te-tum music going on
next door without a moment’s inter-
mission, it began to get on my nerves. |
was anxious to secure horses and men to
take me out into the mining region, miles
back of the town, but | might as well
have tried to fly as to persuade these
people to give up their pleasure until
they were tired of the game. Even after
they became exhausted, it took me another
week tosecure a party of twelve young men,
horses, mules, and bulls; and then a few
more days were needed to equip them
with arms and to secure the food we needed
for the trip. Finally all was arranged,
however, and we spent a month scurrying
around the mountains before my work of
examining the mines was completed.

Among the properties | visited was one
interesting mine that the old Portuguese
had worked 150 years ago. It lay right
at the foot of a low range of mountains
where several little streams flowed, and

632 THE WORLD’S. WORK

had -been a famous property in -its day.
The old -workings and ditches are now
covered with a heavy growth of jungle,
but even that failed to obliterate them
altogether and | was able to trace them
by crawling around with the aid of a
machete.

In such a dreary place, I could not help
wondering what the prospect must have
been to-the first man who discovered the
mine, in 1768. Struggling through this
deadly jungle, miles away from everyone
and surrounded by a horde of hostile
savages, he came on. the vein at a little
stream where he stopped to slake his
thirst. Breaking off a few pieces of the
white quartz, he crushed it and washed it
in his batea until he saw the gold —small
chunks of it scattered through the dirt.
Then he tried some more quartz with
even better results. After that it took
but a short time to trace out the vein,
and hurry back to Matto Grosso, where
the right to mine the land was secured.

After this beginning, he and his friends
brought in a small army of slayes and
cleared off the jungle for a mile around,
while others were set to work constructing
a long ditch to bring water to the flat
below. It was a clever piece of work for
men.without surveyors’ instruments. They
cut the ditch through a cement formation,
that in places was twenty feet .in depth;
and near the lower end they constructed
a great chamber in which they ground the
ore between huge rocks. Whether they
used mercury to amalgamate the gold
1 could not determine, but several stone
tanks and sluices made me think that
possibly they did. They built a town
around these works with a brick kiln and
.a distillery as the most important ad-
juncts. It must have been a busy and
exciting place to live in, ruled over by an
iron hand, the master’s word law in
everything, and a cruel law it was.

Several times these pioneers were at-
tacked by the merciless tribes of savages.
Sickness-in every form was always present
among the inhabitants of the town. In
spite of everything, however, they took
out a large amount of gold. And then,
to enjoy it, they had to get out to the
civilized world with it, through 3,000

miles of. hostile .country, where -free-
booters lay in wait: A convoy of several
boats was usually formed to take it down
the rivers to Para, but even with these
precautions they sometimes lost it and
their lives as well. After seeing the
country, | marveled at the wonderful
courage these old fellows had—rough and
ambitious, ready to sacrifice everything
to a stupendous greed.

From Matto Grosso there are two
routes to the outside world; one the way
we had come, and the other over a low
divide to the southeast and down the
River Paraguay to Buenos Aires, a dis-
tance of about 2,500 miles. It was
then July. As the dry season was far ad-
vanced, the Guaporé River had become
very low and it would be difficult for any
steamer to descend. Furthermore, our
launch had long ago departed and there
was no other to be found. So it did not
take me long to decide to make the trip
by the other route, overland to San
Luis de Cacares, on the Rio Paraguay,
nearly 180 miles from Matto Grosso.
This is the route by which all the rubber on
the Gauporé is sent out, and I understood
that a good road would be found after
the first 40 miles had passed.

Before starting, | had an opportunity
to see a good deal of rubber on its way to
the outer world. The trees grow wild all
along the Rio Guaporé, and several strong
companies are established in the field.
At the beginning of the dry season, groups
of rubber gatherers with their families
scatter along the river where the trees
abound and tap them in the same manner
as a maple sugar tree is tapped. The
milk, which looks exactly like sterilized
cream, is found directly under the bark.
A slanting upward cut is made in the
bark with a little hatchet, and a small tin
is fastened below to catch the milk. The
lower this cut is made on the trunk of
the tree, the better the grade of milk.
Every day hundreds of these little cups
are filled and brought to camp. Here
a smoldering fire is built out of a certain
kind of palm, producing a thick, heavy
smoke; and the milk- is smoked. This
process consists in revolving over the

ivan

AN AMERICAN ADVENTURE IN BRAZIL

OVERBOARD TO GET UPSTREAM BY SHEER FORCE

ASCENDING THE RIBERAO RAPIDS ON THE MADEIRA
THRILLING FEATS IN THE HAZARDOUS

fire a stout stick upon which the milk
is slowly poured. After a time it hardens
and a large white ball is formed, perhaps
two feet in diameter, weighing from fifty to

RIVER, WHERE THE NATIVE BOATMEN PERFORM
WORK OF CLIMBING THE TORRENT

seventy-five pounds. It is then placed in
the sun, where it turns black and is ready
to be shipped to market either at London
or New York. Hundreds of these balls

CREW MAKING READY TO HAUL

THE BOAT OVER THE RAPIDS

WHERE THE WATER WAS TOO SHALLOW AND THE CURRENT TOO SWIFT TO POLE UPSTREAM

634 THE WORLD’S WORK

TRANSPORTATION WITHOUT COMPETITION
THE ONLY CRAFT ON THE AMAZON BETWEEN
PORTO VELHO AND VILLA BELLA

of rubber were scattered all along the
route we took, each having the owner’s
mark upon it.

We departed from Matto Grosso one
bright afternoon in July. Our outfit
consisted of two huge wooden bull carts,
to carry our food and baggage, and a half
dozen riding animals. The trail led over the
pampas toward a low pass in the moun-
tains which we could see a long time before
we reached it. This was my first experi-
ence with bull teams and their drivers;
and | hope it will be the last. So long as
we plodded along on a nice open road

SWIMMING THE BULL TEAMS

ACROSS THE JAURU RIVER A NECESSARY STAGE
OF THE JOURNEY TO CACERES

everything was lovely, even though it was
most dreadfully slow traveling; but when
we reached those mountains where the
road was only a memory the whole outfit
began to tire and the situation became
distressing. The road was so badly over-
grown that there might as well have been
no road at all. Our progress became so
slow that I feared we should run out of
water. For three days we made only
three miles a day, cutting every foot of
the way through the thickest kind of
jungle, without sighting the least puddle
of water. We still had a little in our

‘ oe ts . ®
OR QT RRM.
‘4

“ee yw :

DRAGGING THE BOAT BODILY AROUND THE WORST RAPIDS

WITH THE AID OF OTHER CREWS THAT HAD PLANNED THEIR TRIPS SO THAT ALL
FOR MUTUAL HELPFULNESS

PLACE AT THE SAME TIME,

SHOULD BE AT THIS

AN AMERICAN ADVENTURE IN BRAZIL

635

“WIRELESS” IN THE BRAZILIAN JUNGLE AT PORTO VELHO

TALKING 500 MILES TO MANAOS.
AROUND THE

CAPABLE OF

canteens for the men to drink, but the
animals were getting desperate. Finally
we drove them blindly, crashing through
brambles and over rocks in a mad search
for water, until we arrived at a river on
the farther side of the range and rested
for a day. The bulls were getting so
tired now that they refused to drive well
in the day time, and our men insisted on
traveling in the early morning and after
dark. During the heat of the day we
rested, while the animals roamed about
and ate a little.

It was tiresome work, but we agreed to
anything so long as they got ahead and
did not wreck the outfit. Occasionally,

RIBERAO RAPIDS BY

ALSO PART OF THE RAILROAD BEING COMPLETED
AMERICAN CONTRACTORS

one of the top-heavy carts would tip over
and spill everything out; or the bulls
would take it into their heads to swerve
off the road into the jungle, causing all
kinds of trouble; but we persevered until
the Rio Jauru was reached. This is a
branch of the River Paraguay, about
200 feet in width, which must be crossed
on the road to Caceres. There is no
bridge, and I was rather interested to
see how our drivers would get the heavy
carts over. This proved to be a simple
matter, however. After unhitching the
animals, the carts were rolled down into
the water on top of two large canoes which
afforded enough buoyancy to float them

MODERN NAVIGATION ON THE UPPER AMAZON (GUAPORE RIVER)
A STEAM LAUNCH SET UP AFTER THE MATERIALS COMPOSING IT HAD BEEN TRANSPORTED 2500 MILES

UPSTREAM AND AROUND 200

MILES OF RAPIDS

636

THE WORLD’S WORK

GETTING FUEL FOR THE

WITH THE AID OF

across to the farther shore. The animals
were all made to swim across.

From the Rio Jauru to the Rio Paraguay
was only 40 miles, but the road was rough
enough to break the axle on one of our carts
before we got there. It was really a marvel
that it lasted as long as it did, for these bul-
lock carts were frightfully heavy and they
were subjected to very rough usage. The

LAUNCH ON
INDIAN WOMEN—NATIVE

THE UPPER AMAZON

THATCHED HUTS IN THE BACKGROUND

wheels were of solid wood, 5 feet in diame-
ter and 3 inches thick, fast on the wooden
axle. The body of the cart was simply
placed on top of the axle, being held in
place by two pins, like inverted rowlocks
ona boat. Every time one wheel crashed
off a large rock or sank down in a deep
hole, it put a terrific strain upon the hub
and axle, and we had to wedge them tight

THE BRAZILIAN INDIANS

,

IDEA OF A GRIST MILL

MR. ROGERS’S TRINIDAD NEGRO COOK TAKING A LESSON FROM NATIVE INDIAN WOMEN ON THE
GUAPORE RIVER IN THE ART OF MAKING CORN MEAL

AN AMERICAN ADVENTURE IN BRAZIL

FIESTA OF THE EX-SLAVES AT MATTO GROSSO

WHICH CONTINUED FOR FOUR DAYS AND NIGHTS WHILE MR. ROGERS TRIED VAINLY TO BUY
A CAMPING OUTFIT AND TO HIRE MEN TO ACCOMPANY HIM TO THE MINES

every little while. When we were almost
in sight of the end of our journey, one
cart slid down into a deep rut and the
axle simply twisted in two. Fortunately,
we were so near our destination that we
could afford to throw away some of our
food and load the remainder on the other
cart with the baggage. In this manner
we reached the River Paraguay after seven-

teen days’ traveling, and were ferried
across to Caceres.

We rested for a week at this pleasant
little town and then took steamer down
the River Paraguay to Buenos Aires.
This trip of two weeks can be made in
comparative comfort, provided one is
not too particular what he eats. The
steamers on the Paraguay all have cabins,

THE ‘“‘KING’ AND “QUEEN” OF THE FIESTA
AND THEIR ESCORT OF MUSICIANS PLAYING WEIRD AIRS ON STRANGE INSTRUMENTS

638 THE WORLD’S WORK

CROSSING THE PAMPAS FROM THE AMAZON TO THE PARAGUAY
WHERE MR. ROGERS AND HIS PARTY NEARLY DIED FOR LACK OF WATER

but I preferred to sleep on deck in my own
camp bed for various reasons. In summer
this is a frightfully hot trip and the con-
stant rains make life disagreeable. Dur-
ing the winter season, however, the climate
is delightful.

I made the acquaintance of a most
interesting character on this journey.
This was Captain Marquesa de Souza.
He had been a member of the exploring
party sent out by the Brazilian Govern-
ment under Colonel Randon for the pur-
pose of blazing a way for a telegraph line

RAPID TRANSIT IN BRAZIL

CART WITH SOLID WOODEN WHEELS, DRAWN BY
EIGHT BULLS

to connect Rio de Janeiro with Monaos.
They traveled from Cuyaba to San
Antonio, on the Medina River, a distance
of 700 miles straight across an absolutely
uncharted, unexplored and almost im-
penetrable jungle. This gallant little band
of 150 men had plunged undaunted into
this morass, headed directly for San
Antonio. They were soon lost in the
depths of the jungle, but drove their way
forward in the general direction they had
planned, cutting down trees and building
rafts to transport themselves across rivers,

A “ROAD” THROUGH THE JUNGLE

OVER WHICH THREE MILES WAS OFTEN
A WHOLE DAY’S ADVANCE

_ we ot a i

AN AMERICAN ADVENTURE IN BRAZIL 639

compelled almost all the way to hew a path
through the forest, discouraged by fever
and disheartened by the shadow of death
that hourly hovered about them in the
arrows of the savages who, unseen,
hung constantly on their flanks. It
was Colonel Randon’s strict command
that no natives should be injured. No
matter how fierce their attack, no attempt
was made at repulse. Whenever natives
or their children were captured, they were
treated with distinguished consideration
and sent back to their own people, loaded
with gifts. This policy placated many of
the tribes, though others were unreconciled.
At length, struggling on, their way entirely
lost and their provisions running low, the
expedition came to a broad river which
they did not know. Determined now to
seek the nearest outlet, they followed this
stream to its mouth and found, to their
astonishment, that it brought them out
exactly at the point toward which they
had aimed. Captain de Souza had just re-
cently left the Randon party and his mod-
est narrative was full of thrilling interest.

As we approached Asuncion, the capital

AN ANCIENT PORTUGUESE FORT IN THE
BRAZILIAN WILDERNESS
THE “FORTALESA DA BEIRA,” ON THE RIVER GUA-
PORE, A RELIC OF THE PORTUGUESE PIONEERS
WHO FOUND GOLD HERE 150 YEARS AGO,
3000 MILES FROM THE COAST

+

.

a’
YA

RUBBER AWAITING SHIPMENT

EACH OF THESE BALLS OF “SMOKED” CRUDE RUBBER WEIGHS ABOUT 75 POUNDS, AND IS WORTH
$1.25 A POUND, SO THAT SEVERAL THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS’ WORTH APPEAR IN THE PICTURE.
MR. ROGERS PASSED MANY SUCH PILES LYING IN THE JUNGLE, UNPROTECTED
EXCEPT FOR THE OWNER’S MARK STAMPED UPON EACH PIECE

THE PILOT AND HIS CATCH
AND A GLIMPSE OF THE JUNGLE

of Paraguay, rumors of a revolution began
to circulate, and the nearer we approached
the more persistent these stories became.
The Paraguayans on board were most
excited, and it even looked a little serious
for ourselves, for the steamer was owned
in the country and would most likely be
seized by one side or the other. In that
case it was a question how we would
come off. All our anxiety, however, was
allayed, upon arrival at Asuncion, to find
two cruisers—one Brazilian and the
other Argentine — drawn up in a com-
manding position with their guns trained
on the custom house and on the Para-
guayan navy, consisting of one little tug
boat. If any fighting had taken place
they would have blown the whole town
to pieces. Recognizing this fact, the
quarreling parties had decided simply to

THE WORLD’S WORK

change the President, a proceeding which
usually occurs every few months.

From Asuncion we took passage on an
attractive steamer and arrived in a few
days at the great city of Buenos Aires.

We had traveled from Para, at the
mouth of the Amazon, inland seven eighths
of the width of South America at its
widest part, and southward to Buenos Aires
at the mouth of the River Plata. An
equivalent in distance — 5,500 miles —
though not in hardships, would be a
journey from Maine, down the Atlantic
Coast to Florida, across the Gulf of Mexico
to the Pacific Ocean, and then up to
Seattle. We had made the whole of this
vast distance upon rivers, except 180
miles. And we sailed from South America
only four months after we entered it.

AN ANCIENT GOLD DITCH
LEFT BY PORTUGUESE PROSPECTORS 150 YEARS AGO

THE PENNSYLVANIA MOUNTED
POLELE

MAINTAINING LAW AND ORDER WITH LESS THAN 250 MEN TO THE STATE
—A SIGNIFICANT EXAMPLE FOR THE REST OF THE COUNTRY

BY

BLAIR JAEKEL

HE Texas Rangers and the

Canadian Northwest Mounted

Police are famous the world

over. These are frontier forces.

But such organizations would
be equally effective against the disorders
of the older states —lynchings, violent
strikes, night riding; and the Pennsylvania
State Mounted Police has demonstrated
that this is true. Its work has many
significant lessons for others of the older
States.

In April, 1905, the Governor of Penn-
sylvania, Samuel W. Pennypacker, wrote
a letter requesting Captain John C.
Groome, of the Philadelphia City Troop
(Militia) to come to Harrisburg. Cap-
tain Groome had seen active service in
Porto Rico at the time of the Spanish
War; he was well versed in the manceuv-
ring of mounted men.

“Captain Groome,” said the Governor,
in effect, “I am responsible for the main-
tenance of peace and order throughout
these 45,000 miles of Commonwealth.
Whom have | to help me? Wharton, my

’

secretary, and my stenographer. It’s too
big a job for three. I had the last session
of the Legislature pass a bill creating a
department of State Police. Will you
assume charger Will you be its Super-
intendent?”

Captain Groome went over the par-
ticulars of the plan, and accepted.

Thus, with little ostentation, came into
being the Pennsylvania State “Con-
stabulary,” as the layman sometimes
calls them —the most picturesque, the
most efficient, the most effective body of
armed men in these United States. Sift
the country from Tacoma to Tampa and
you will not find its equal. Ninety
per cent. of its members have served in
the United States Army, and with the
word “excellent” following the “conduct
clause” in their discharge papers —
Major Groome is most particular about
that. Many have seen active service
in the Philippines, Cuba, Porto Rico, in
China at the time of the Boxer uprising.
Now and again you will find among them
a man who fought the Boers in South

642 THE WORLD’S WORK

ry a] are pf

polit fi all 7

GOING OUT ON PATROL
A PLATOON OF THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE POLICE ON STRIKE DUTY AT SOUTH BETHLEHEM IN 1910

Africa under the British flag. There are
doctors, lawyers, college graduates, cow-
punchers, genuine blown-in-the-bottle
soldiers of fortune on the Force. Each
is a well set up, well seasoned, thoroughly
disciplined, and gentlemanly —let me
italicize that — and gentlemanly veteran,
perfectly able and willing, and paid by the
state to ferret out the foreigner who stole
chickens or to protect life and property.
He knows neither friend nor foe. He is

paid to do his duty and he does it, the
responsibility of his doing it well resting
often wholly upon himself, which fact
alone places him upon a slightly higher
plane than the army man, constantly
under the eye of his superior officer.
Before the advent of the State Police,
the Governor of Pennsylvania was wont
to commission, at the request of property
owners, what were called the Coal and
Iron Police, to preserve order as best they

AX

x AX AY
a.0ar.% RY XY

*
, Ds" AY }

i ea =

KEEPING THE PEACE WITH CLUBS AND CARBINES

THE PENNSYLVANIA MOUNTED POLICE

643

’

“TROOP B’

could in times of labor troubles at the
steel mills or in the coal regions. These
Coal and Iron Policemen were, for the
most part, men who sided with the oper-
ators for the time being and for a certain
monetary consideration. In many, in-
deed, in most cases they were inexperi-
enced and inefficient, and their terms of
service were for some _ unaccountable
reason unlimited. Not a few of the crimes
committed in times of industrial peace
were laid at the doors of men who still
wore the badges of Coal and Iron Police-
men.

But one thing to their credit: they
were not under the many obligations
during strikes, as are the township con-

OF THE MILITARY ORGANIZATION

OF STATE POLICE

stables to-day who are upon one side or
the other in the quarrel for election.
The deplorable constable system, as well
as some of our municipal police systems,
where the patrolmen act also in the
capacity of “ward heelers,” are but two
of the reasons why it ought to behoove
every state in the Union to follow Penn-
sylvania’s exmple and inaugurate a force
of mounted police, free from politics,
responsible to no one but its Superinten-
dent and the Governor of the State.
The sentiment toward the “Penny-
packer Cossacks,” as the miner and mill
worker dubbed the Pennsylvania State
Police at the time of their organization,
was about one tenth pro and nine tenths

GUARDING PROPERTY DURING

FHE STEEL

STRIKE OF IQIO

STRIKERS iN THE BACKGROUND

644

THE WORLD’S WORK

KEEPING TRAFFIC OPEN DURING THE CHESTER CAR STRIKE OF 1908

con. The extent of their popularity with
organized labor can best be epitomized by
quoting a part of a hand-bill printed and
circulated in Sharon, Pa., in the spring
of 1907, when a strike was in progress in
the mills at that place. The circular

MAJOR JOHN C. GROOME

SUPERINTENDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE
POLICE OF PENNSYLVANIA

was headed, “Scab Protection in South
Sharon,” and read partly as follows:

A detachment of the State Constabulary,
better known as the “Pennypacker Cossacks,”
have taken up their abode in South Sharon.
This organization is created ostensibly for the
purpose of upholding law and order, but in
reality to protect scabs during a strike.

This unprincipled and . . . set ‘
are upheld in their dastardly occupation by the
press and pulpit of this entire country.

But, contrary to the opinion of the
writer of the circular, the press in general
was not so favorable to the State Police
as he would have his readers imagine.
Scathing articles appeared against them
from time to time in the smaller news-
papers throughout the state.

The operators were no less dubious
as to the effect that would be produced by
the State Police than were the miners and
mill workers. Certain railroad officials
were bitterly opposed to them on the
ground that they constituted simply a
political organization, valueless in time of
real trouble. But it turned out otherwise.
According to Major Groome, the competi-
tive physical and mental examinations
which every aspirant to the force must
undergo, and which was mercifully men-
tioned in the Governor’s act, precluded
all possibilities of making the force a
political asylum for vote-getters.

THE PENNSYLVANIA MOUNTED POLICE

645

INSPECTION

In the early years of the history of the
Pennsylvania State Police Force, the
Commonwealth was scarcely any busier
trying to convict men arrested by the
troopers for various offences than were the
friends of the alleged offenders in trying
to convict the troopers of illegal pro-
cedure. Arrest was followed closely by
counter-arrest; and all the while organized
labor was hammering at the powers that
be in Harrisburg to have the Force
abolished.

The operators, however, soon com-
menced to realize the inefficiency of their
Coal and Iron Police as compared with
the state’s troopers — educated men with
a keen perception between right and wrong,

OF A MOUNTED TROOP OF STATE POLICE

better trained, better armed, better versed
in the laws of the Commonwealth — while
successive instances, of which the follow-
ing is an example, are strengthening daily
the belief in the minds of the laborers
that the State Police do not discriminate
between miner and millionaire: The little
child of a Hungarian miner in the anthra-
cite regions had disappeared, supposedly
had been kidnapped. A _ whole troop
of State Police was put on the case. They
scoured the country for a number of days,
mounted and on foot. The child was
finally found and returned to its parents.

As further evidence of the strengthen-
ing confidence in the force among the
laboring element — last summer some

INFANTRY DRILL

OF STATE. POLICEMEN

646 THE WORLD’S WORK

WHEN THE STATE POLICE COME TO TOWN QUIET REIGNS
EFFICIENCY THROUGH MILITARY DISCIPLINE INSURES PEACE AT ANY COST

Mine Union officials called on the telephone
the headquarters of Troop “B” at Wyom-
ing, Pa., and asked that a detail of troop-
ers be sent to preserve order at a union
picnic to be held the following day.
Major Groome counts one state trooper
equal to an even hundred of the average
mob. One or two striking comparisons

of their effectiveness as against that of
the old time Coal and Iron Police or the
State Militia will suffice.

In July, 1892, 8563 Pennsylvania Na-
ional Guardsmen were summoned to
attempt to maintain order during the
great strike among the steel workers at
Homestead, Pa. The maintenance of these

> Tr:

em
Tr

‘MOVE ON”
A STATE POLICEMAN KEEPING THE CROWD MOVING DURING A STRIKE

-—. a ‘tr

Ma4.a — KA

we

THE PENNSYLVANIA MOUNTED POLICE

BACK TO BACK AGAINST ALL COMERS
GUARDING A RAILROAD DURING A STRIKE

men in the field and salaries paid for
their services cost the Commonwealth
exactly $440,386.22 — more than the total

appropriation to maintain the entire
State Police Force of Pennsylvania for
one year.

The steel strike at McKee’s Rocks in
1908 promised to tower head and shoul-
ders above the one at Homestead. A
troop of State Police were on the ground
at the first hint of disorder. Their superb
courage and diplomacy brought about a
satisfactory settlement at a total cost to
the Commonwealth of nothing, because
“in a fight or a frolic’’ they are at all
times on the pay roll.

A riot is like a runaway —if it gets
its head it is fifty times as hard to stop
as when it started. The trouble with the
old way of things was that they called
out the militia only as a last and often
hopeless resort. The State Police prevent
a riot from getting its head — and strike
violence is usually nothing less than an
exaggerated riot prolonged indefinitely.

Again, during the strike in the anthra-
cite coal fields of 1900, 2,500 militiamen
were sent to the region to preserve order.
Their maintenance cost the Common-

wealth, according to the figures of the
Adjutant General, $113,842.52. In the
same field in 1902 the entire military
force of Pennsylvania, 9,000 men, was
called upon to quell the great strike
authorized by John Mitchell. Funds
from the State Treasury to the extent of
$993,856.46 were eaten up in salaries and
maintenance of the militiamen, while the
money lost by them in being ordered to
forsake their vocations for the time being,
their various business enterprises suffering
proportionately, can not be computed.

THE ‘‘HURRY-UP WAGON ”
OF THE STATE POLICE

648 THE WORLD’S WORK

“a “a : /~
4 beg,
*
*
, |

A NEAR VIEW OF THE POLICEMEN

MR. ROOSEVELT AND MR. JOHN MITCHELL IN
THE GROUP

Captain Adams with eight troopers
from Troop “D” preserved order and
consequently brought about the settle-
ment of the 1906 strike in the bituminous
coal regions, where, during a previous
outburst of lawlessness, a whole brigade
of militiamen had been used.

A short summary of a few of the accom-
plishments of the State Police Force will
show the class of men that it is made of,
their duties and their methods.

Early in April, 1908, the motormen and
conductors of the Chester, Pa., traction
company went on strike. Upon the re-
quest of a city official of Chester, Lieu-
tenant Feuerstein and a detail of sixteen
men from Troop “C” were sent to the
scene to preserve order and_ protect
property. Upon their arrival a mob of
1,500 men surrounded the car _ barns.
The sixteen troopers, under command
of their Lieutenant, dispersed the crowd,
although not without frequent and effec-
tive use of their clubs. In return, they
were stoned and hooted at, the local police
abetting the methods of the mob in
making things as uncomfortable for them
as possible. Only by bringing their re-
volvers into play could the streets be kept
clear. In spite of this, Chester’s Chief
of Police assured Lieutenant Feuerstein
that the local force could handle the situa-
tion. The detail was promptly withdrawn
and ordered to return to its barracks,

With the State Police out of the way the

STATE POLICE SPIES
DISGUISED AS COAL MINERS

a a

re -— — A Fw, RA,

rt

THE PENNSYLVANIA MOUNTED POLICE

strikers ran things to suit themselves in
Chester. The local police force proved
itself thoroughly incompetent to cope with
the situation, and either through fear
or sympathy with the striking carmen,
failed to restore order in the community.
After three days of tearing up car tracks
and switches and demolishing Traction
Company property the Governor on April
16th received a telegram signed by the
mayor and the chief of police of Chester
and the sheriff of the county to the effect
that “the strikers had overcome the local
police force in open conflict” and asking
that a detail of not less than 150 men be
sent to Chester immediately.

Early the following morning 10 officers
and 135 state policemen, under the
command of Superintendent Groome, de-
trained at Media. By 8.30 they were
marching toward Chester. By 4 o'clock
that afternoon they had the mob well
under control and the streets cleared.
At 4.30 the first trolley car that had
clanged through Chester in weeks was
started from the car barn, preceded by a
platoon of fourteen mounted men. State
policemen patroled the entire route of
61 blocks, and the car proceeded upon
its none too peaceful way, interrupted
occasionally by a fusillade of bricks and
stones. During the pageant more than
a dozen belligerent and excessively ag-
gressive strikers were arrested and turned
over to the local authorities. From that
day until the state police were ordered
to quit Chester, cars were operated upon
regular schedule over as many routes as
the members of the force were able to
patrol. In his official report of this
affair, Major Groome says that “during
the six weeks the Force was in Chester
law and order was maintained, not with-
standing the encouragement given to the
disorderly element by the authorities
and citizens.”

The effective work of the state police
force in restoring and preserving order
during the Philadelphia street car strike
in 1910 is still fresh in the minds of many
of my readers.

Details from the four troops, number-
ing 8 officers and 170 enlisted men under
the personal command of Major Groome

649

were ordered to Philadelphia to quell
the riots and disorders which were of
daily occurrence, and which the entire
police force of the city had been unable
to control. The men were assigned to a
certain section known as the Kensington
District, 16 blocks square, wherein are
located many of Philadelphia’s large
manufacturing establishments — the most
troublesome section in the opinion of the
local authorities. By noon on the very
day of their arrival, order was restored
out of apparent chaos, and violence was
effectually put to an end. Numerous
arrests were made the first day that the
district was presided over by the troopers,
and the Rapid Transit Company com-
menced forthwith to operate their cars
regularly and with perfect safety.

The deeds of that day were character-
ized by frequent and convincing proofs
that the actions of the state police were
not curbed by any fear of personal dan-
ger; that the troopers knew they were
above the influence of politics; and that
they cherished no sentimental affiliations
either with the strikers or the traction
company.

A curious thing about the Philadelphia
strike was that a greater part of the dis-
order and violence was done by youths
of twenty years of age or under, who were
not and never had been employed by the
street car company.

A state policeman saw one lad throw
a brick through a car window. After
a chase of three blocks the trooper caught
him. Instead of “beating him up,” the
usual method of procedure with the local
policeman, the trooper learned from the
boy his home address, escorted him thither
and delivered him into the hands of his
father, who waxed right wrathy toward
the boy as the trooper told of what he had
caught him doing. The trooper reported
that as he was leaving the premises,
sounds indicated that the boy was not
being spared.

During the same strike the men em-
ployed in some of the mills in the Kensing-
ton District annoyed the law-abiding
citizensa lot more than did the strikers
themselves. One day just at the close
of the noon hour, a couple of rocks were

650 THE WORLD’S WORK

thrown at a passing trolley car by two
members of a group of workmen who sat
smoking on the entrance steps of a large
hat factory. Two state policemen on
patrol in the vicinity saw what had hap-
pened. By the time they had reached
the steps the factory whistle had blown
and the workmen had disappeared into
the building. The troopers notified the
superintendent of the factory that they
would have to make the arrests. Per-
mission being granted, they walked
through the different rooms until they
found the culprits, arrested them on the
spot, and marched them downstairs
through 600 sympathetic workmen with-
out hearing even a whimper of protest.

As an example of sheer nerve in the face
of almost certain death, | have a story to
tell of Private Homer Chambers (since
promoted to Sergeant) of Troop “D.”

About 4.30 on a Sunday afternoon in
September, 1906, Sergeant Logan of Troop
“D” arrived in New Florence, Pa., on the
trail of Leopold Scarlat, an Italian, who
had killed his brother-in-law during a
family altercation the previous evening.
The description of the murderer Scarlat
tallied with that of a man who boarded
at a certain house in New Florence.

In attempting to make the arrest,
Logan was shot at five times. He re-
treated and, after securing two men to
watch the house, telephoned to the bar-
racks, then located at Punxsutawney,
for assistance. Privates Henry, Cham-
bers, Mullen, Koch and Mcllvain arrived
on the next street, car.

As the six men approached the house
to arrest Scarlat and when within twenty-
._ five paces of the building, the Italians
opened fire from a second story window.
Henry received a charge of buckshot full
in the abdomen, and fell dead. Mullen
went down with the second volley,
wounded in the right leg. The men fell
back to allow Mullen to hobble to a freight
car that stood on a siding close to the

scene.

At this point Chambers darted forward,
under a steady fire from the house, to
rescue Henry. While attempting to raise
the body of his comrade he was shot three
times in the head, once in the eye, once

in the stomach, and three times through
the lungs.

“T’ve got enough,’ he said; and he
tottered back to the freight car, reluctantly
leaving the body of the dead trooper to
be bullet-riddled by the Italians.

Further assistance was telephoned for
to the barracks and eighteen more men,
in charge of First Sergeant Lumb and
Sergeant Marsh, galloped down the road
to New Florence. At the sight of the
dead trooper the hearts of the new detail
burned with revenge. They rescued his
body by a ruse; then rushed upon the
boarding house. Private F. A. Zehringer
was shot and instantly killed as he entered
the building at the head of the detail.

The troopers again withdrew and
decided to wait until morning. Through-
out the night the battle continued inter-
mittently. The house was surrounded,
perforated with bullets, and many
foreigners were arrested while trying to
assist the besieged Italians. Although
searchlights were mounted and brought
into play, it is supposed that several
inmates of the house escaped during a
heavy rainstorm that raged part of the
night.

In the morning the outlaws still refused
to surrender, and Captain Robinson of
Troop “D,” having arrived on the scene,
resolved to blow up the house. In a
charge led by him, and while he placed a
boxful of dynamite among the foundations
and lighted the fuse, Sergeants Lumb and
Marsh entered the house and snatched
from the foot of the stairway the body of
the unfortunate Zehringer. Hardly had
they retreated to a safe distance when
the dynamite exploded, shattering the
side of the building. Three Italians,
including the murderer Scarlat and Jim
Tabone, an outlaw wanted in a dozen
counties, were found dead in the ruins.

Upon the arrival at New Florence of
the second detail of eighteen men, Mullen
and Chambers were escorted over to the
street car line to board a car for the
Punxsutawney Hospital. As he undressed,
preparatory to being operated upon,
Chambers stood in front of a long mirror
so that he might see just where he had been
hit. It was more than two hours after

6 at Cf ah 6 cee ae Ce

a a! 0 OA ee

o”"0a

h

h:

THE PENNSYLVANIA MOUNTED POLICE

he had been shot that he became uncon-
scious, and then only on the operating
table under the influence of an anesthetic.
For two days all hope of his recovery was
despaired of. Now, however, except for
the loss of the sight of one eye,
Chambers is hale and _ hearty and
doing active state police duty as Sergeant
of Troop “D.”

No trooper of the famous Northwest
Mounted Police of Canada experiences
one half the action that does one of
Pennsylvania’s organization of peace pro-
moters. The number of Jlaw-breakers
throughout the whole of Canada’s North-
west might be divided into the number of
bad men in Pennsylvania a good many
times without any fraction remaining.
As will be observed, the trooper has other
duties to perform than quell riots, restore
order, and protect property during strikes.
He is a game and fish warden, a county
detective, a fighter of forest fires, and a
health officer, all in one.

In February, 1907, several members of
Troop “B” were detailed as “plain
clothes men”’ to investigate Black Hand
outrages in the vicinity of Wilkesbarre.
But two or three days were consumed in
procuring the necessary evidence. On
February 4th, Captain Page, Lieutenant
Lumb, three sergeants, and forty men were
sent to a place nearby called Browntown
to assist the county detective in making
arrests. Twenty-five Italian members of
the Black Hand fraternity were taken
into custody, together with nine stilettos,
twelve revolvers, and seventeen rifles and
shotguns. The result of this raid prac-
tically obliterated the nefarious society
in that district.

Another comprehensive round-up of the
Black Hand was made in Barnesboro,
Cambria County, on May 5th of the same
year. Troopers in plain clothes had been
gathering evidence for some weeks pre-
vious. On the day mentioned, twenty-
four men of Troop “D” under Captain
Robinson, Lieutenant Egle, and two ser-
geants descended upon a house in Barnes-
boro that had been known as the district
headquarters of the gang. The society
happened to be holding a meeting at the
time and all fourteen were captured.

651

Every one of them has since been tried
and convicted.

Again, in August, a sub-station of
Troop “D” was established at Hillville,
Lawrcene Coutny, to suppress Black
Hand activities in that vicinity. During
the month and a half that the detail
was on the station, twenty-three Italians
were arrested, tried, and _ convict-
ed, and are now serving sentences of
from three to ten years in the peniten-
tiary.

In October, 1907, Sergeant Price and
seven privates from Troop “B,” upon the
request of the county medical inspector,
were sent to a foreign settlement near
Wilkesbarre to establish a quarantine
during a prevalent scarlet fever epidemic,
the local authorities being unable to
enforce the laws governing the conditions.
While on this assignment a serious case
of the disease was contracted by one of
the troopers.

No star reporter on a great daily news-
paper is trained to observe more closely
than are the members of the Pennsylvania
state police force. For example: One
day in November, 1907, three troopers
were sent from the Wyoming, Pa., barracks
to investigate the robbery of several hun-
dred pounds of copper wire from the
Moosic Lake Traction Company. Its
poles had been cut down for more than
a mile. Marks along the road suggested
that a two-horse wagon had been used to
haul the wire away. After following the
tracks for several miles the wagon-load
of wire, unattended by man or beast,
was located in the mountains, the robbers
having unhitched the horses and ridden
them off. Private Smith dismounted to
examine the hoof marks. One of the
horses seemed to have been shod with a
peculiarly shaped bar-shoe. The trail
of this horse was followed by the troopers
forty-three miles to Carbondale, in an
adjoining county, where it was found in a
livery stable. The three men who had
hired the team were located, and not being
able to give conclusive proof of their where-
abouts at the time the wire was stolen,
were arrested, tried, and found guilty.

While riding out along his patrol one
day Private Snyder of Troop “C” noticed

652 THE WORLD’S WORK

a thin column of smoke rising from the
centre of a corn field. Positive that no
farmhouse stood in the immediate locality,
Snyder rode into the field to investigate.
To his surprise and delight —for his
investigation cleaned up a mystery that
a whole force of railroad detectives had
failed to solve—he found two men
smelting brass railway journals bearing
the stamp of the Philadelphia and Reading
Company. Snyder placed both men under
arrest. At the trial it was found that one
of them had been arrested before for
larceny and released on bail. Both were
sentenced to the penitentiary.

The Pennsylvania police like “‘’Er Majes-
tie’s Jollies” of whom Mr. Kipling sings,
never ask what to do. They think
for themselves and they act for them-
selves. Sergeant Mais and four privates
of Troop “B,” sent to the Mount Look-
out Cc'liery near Wyoming to preserve
order atter an explosion of fire-damp that
snuffed out the lives of fourteen miners,
helped in the rescue work with such a will
that the whole state applauded; Privates
Hentz and White of the same troop dis-
persed a mob of several hundred striking
miners at Dunmore and rescued 75 non-
strikers; Sergeant Jacobs and 5 privates
of Troop “A” stood up under the terrific
strain of 32 hours’ continuous duty, hand-
ling the morbid crowd at the mine shaft
and maintaining perfect order during
the recovering of the bodies of 154 men
killed in the terrible mine explosion at
Marianna in November, 1908; Private
Ames of Troop “A” trailed a murderer
down into Alabama and brought him
back to the Westmoreland County jail;
36 men of Troop “A” spent two months
preserving order as best they could, which
was infinitely better than any one ever
expected, among the striking employees
of the Pressed Steel Car Works at Butler.
Private Kelleher of Troop “C,” veteran
of the Boer War, while trying to assist
a defenceless woman who was _ being

beaten and robbed by two Italians, was
stabbed by one of her assailants and killed.
His entire troop scoured the country for
six days in search of the murderer before
they got him, but get him they did.

In one year the state police enforced

the laws, maintained order, and protected
millions of dollars’ worth of property during
five great strikes, and, in addition, the
Department received during that year
3,550 calls for assistance from sheriffs,
district attorneys, chiefs of police, justices
of the peace, mayors, and fish and game
wardens — nearly ten a day! Ina single
year the force, taken in the aggregate,
rides 390,000 miles, visiting upward
of 2,000 towns and boroughs in 60 differ-
ent counties, while the money collected
and turned over to the counties and the
fish and game commissions from procured
convictions runs well up into the thousands
of dollars annually.

The force is only 228 officers and men.
Notwithstanding the facts that the en-
trance examinations to the force are
rigid, the training and duties more often
arduous and dangerous than pleasant,
and the pay insufficient, there are fifty
or more applicants for every available va-
cancy. On the other hand, many men
after their first term of enlistment of two
years have left the force to accept better
paying positions. The Pressed Steel Car
Company in Butler, for example, will
take on all the ex-state policemen they
can get to act as private detectives about
the plant at salaries ranging from $75
to $100 a month. Eighty-two of the
138 men discharged from the force in one
year bore excellent records, were well
trained and efficient, but left to accept
positions offering more tempting salaries.

Through the activities of Major Groome,
a substantial increment was added last
year to the pay of the men. To-day the
salaries range from the $900 a year of the
private to the $1,800 of the captain, plus
$60 a year for every term of reénlistment.
Out of this the trooper pays on an average
of $18 a month board at the barracks.
Horses, arms, equipment, and two uni-
forms a year are supplied by the state.

But Major Groome is by no means
satisfied. With the proper and well-
applied codperation of the legislature
and the chief executive of the common-
wealth he hopes to make of the state
police force of Pennsylvania a something
to be envied abroad and respected and
honored at home.

“WHAT I AM TRYING TO DO”

AN AUTHORIZED

INTERVIEW WITH

DR. RUPERT BLUE

(SURGEON-GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH AND MARINE HOSPITAL SERVICE)

BY
THOMAS F. LOGAN
T WAS Dr. Rupert Blue, the new — states they codperate with him. In emer-
Surgeon-General of the PublicHealth gencies, the Surgeon-General has the

and Marine Hospital service, who

proved that rodents are the agents of

the bubonic plague and who, by rat-
proofing the houses and buildings of San
Francisco after the earthquake and fire,
drove out the rats as well as the plague,
which had been menacing the lives of the
people of that city. And he was second
in command when the service drove the
mosquitoes and the yellow fever out of
New Orleans.

“My greatest ambition,” said Dr. Blue,
in an authorized interview, “is to clean
up the United States. Were every build-
ing rat-proof, there would be no plagues
and much less disease. | look forward
to the day when the good housekeeper
will feel that it is as much of a disgrace
to have mosquitoes and flies in the house
as it is to have bed-bugs. When that
time comes, disease in the United States
will be reduced one third.”

As the chief health officer of the United
States, it is Dr. Blue’s duty to protect this
country from foreign invasions of microbes.
He has charge of the investigation of all
leprosy cases in Hawaii; forty-four
quarantine stations in the United States
and others in the Philippines, Hawaii,
and Porto Rico; and he supervises the
medical officers detailed to American con-
sulates abroad to prevent the introduction
of contagious or infectious diseases into
the United States.

But the real problem that confronts him
is to prevent epidemics in the United
States. At the present time, the laws
do not permit the Surgeon-General to
interfere with the health authorities of
the various states, but in most of the

authority to override the state authorities,
but he rarely exercises or finds it nec-
essary to exercise this power.

Here is the story of the Surgeon-Gen-
eral’s career as told in his own words:

“I began by studying law,” he said,
“because it was my father’s wish. For
six months | studied under him. | dis-
liked it. Immediately after his death I
took up the study of medicine. | entered
the University of Virginia, where I took

some preparatory courses. Later, in
1891, I went to the University of
Maryland, in Baltimore, and _ finished

my course there, obtaining the advantages
of hospital work. Just after | graduated
I saw a notice that there would be an
examination in Washington for what was
then called the Marine Hospital Service,
and | immediately wrote for permission
to come before the board. I received the
proper invitation from the Surgeon-General
and presented myself in April, 1902, with
the result that I was passed and accepted.

“T was then sent to Cincinnati. The
most helpful experience that I had was
as an interne at the Cincinnati Marine
Hospital, where I came into touch with
Surgeon Carter, who afterward became
very famous as a yellow fever expert
in our service. In fact, he was doing
advanced work in yellow fever in those
days.

“T remained in Cincinnati about six
or eight months, as I recollect it,’’ con-
tinued Surgeon-General Blue, “and later
went to Galveston. In 1899 I went to
Italy. The plague was then threaten-
ing the United States from several
points in Europe and | was sent over to

654

inspect passengers and freight en route
to the United States. I returned to this
country, went to Milwaukee, and finally
was ordered to California, where the plague
had broken out. That mission was the
beginning of my real work in life.

“There was so much opposition to the
plague work in San Francisco that we
could not get the consent of the people
and the state to do certain work. After
a while, however, a new governor was
elected —Governor Pardee—and _ he
favored all methods necessary to the
eradication of the plague. I decided
that the only way to handle the situa-
tion was to make Chinatown rat-proof.

“Rats get into buildings by gnawing
through the wooden floors. So I hired
gangs of laborers and had them cut away
all wood-work and substitute concrete in
the foundations and basements of all the
buildings in Chinatown. Our success in
eradicating the plague by this method
established the principle that by rat-
proofing buildings and driving the rats
out of their homes we could destroy the
plague.

“We learned, beyond all chance of a
mistake, that rats are almost invariably
the carriers of the disease. A flea bites an
infected rat, and is thereby infected.
Then the flea bites another rat —or a
human being—and so transmits the
bubonic infection.

“The disease has been known for
centuries in Western China and Northern
India, but the first permanent anti-plague
work ever done was accomplished in this
country —out there in San Francisco.
Altogether, we rat-proofed the entire
twenty blocks of Chinatown, even wiring
any openings that might be near the
ground. I had one hundred men at work.
The buildings were condemned in _ half-
block lots. We then sent men into the
condemned buildings to tear out all the
ground woodwork, and before the owner
could occupy a building again he had to
have it concreted. Up to that time there
had been 121 plague cases, nearly all of
which were confined to Chinatown. About
eight were white. We finished the work

in 1904, and the last case of plague for
several years occurred in February, 1904.

THE WORLD’S WORK

] was kept out there until a year after the
last case occurred.

“Then I had charge of the Marine
Hospital at Norfolk, Va., for awhile.
Next, I was ordered to New Orleans, where
a yellow fever epidemic had broken out.
We got rid of the yellow fever two months
before the frost by putting into effect
the principles we had learned from Sur-
geons Reid and Carroll — that you could
get rid of yellow fever entirely by de-
stroying the mosquitoes and by no other
means. Dr. White was in charge of the
campaign, and | was second in command.”

The Dr. White referred to by Dr. Blue
was his chief competitor for the office
of Surgeon-General, and for some time it
was doubtful which would win.

“Experiments,” continued Dr. Blue,
“had been made in Cuba to determine the
mode of transmission of yellow fever.
We had known for many years that the
burning of sulphur would get rid of the
infection of yellow fever in a_ building,
but we did not know why. Now we know
that it was because the sulphur killed the
mosquitoes. The value of this principle
was first demonstrated at New Orleans.
We would simply go into a house and
destroy the breeding places of the insects
by closing it up and fumigating it thor-
oughly. We did this everywhere in New
Orleans. And we educated the people
to the danger of mosquitoes, showing them
how they could be destroyed by cleanli-
ness. There has been no yellow fever
in New Orleans since 1905.

“The following year | was ordered for
duty on a tuberculosis board to inspect
Government buildings and outline certain
methods for preventing the spread of
tuberculosis. Before completing that
work the earthquake and fire occurred
in San Francisco in 1906. I was sent out
there and assisted in the formation of
sanitary camps for the refugees. The
sanitation of these camps was very im-
portant. We put them in_ salubrious
places, protected the water supplies, and
screened the kitchens against flies, and
arranged for the disposal of sewage.

“Shortly afterward I was detailed as
director of health of the Jamestown
exposition, staying through the exposition

“WHAT I AM TRYING TO DO”

until September, 1907, when the second
epidemic of plague broke out in San
Francisco. The mayor and other author-
ities requested that I be sent there. I
worked out my plans on the train. This
time the plague was all over the city.
There were probably one hundred cases,
and they were among the white people.
The Chinese were protected by the work
that had been done before.

“From September until January there
were 160 cases. I knew exactly what |
would have to do the moment I arrived
in San Francisco. The only things I
needed were money and the codperation of
the people. The people were almost in a
panic. They were afraid of the disease,
but they did not want the city quarantined.

“1 did not want to quarantine the city
either, because it was a matter of tre-
mendous importance, for San Francisco
is the main port on the Pacific Coast. |
met several of the leading men of the city
and made the proposition that there
should be no quarantine if they would
back me up in securing the codperation
of the people. In the meantime, I went
to work with the money on hand and
started a campaign based entirely on the
destruction of the rats and not on the
isolation of persons or the disinfection of
buildings.

“We found that the trapping and
poisoning of rats would not suffice. These
things would have to be supplemented by
the rat-proofing of buildings, so that the
rats would have no place to multiply.
Their habitations and food supplies had
to be destroyed.

“Ordinances were passed that provided
severe punishments and penalties for
throwing garbage in alleys and elsewhere.
We first made a crusade on their favorite
haunts — stables, granaries, delicatessen
shops, bakéry shops, and other places
that contained food. About 3,000 stables
were rat-proofed. The total estimated
cost of the rat-proofing done during the
campaign was about $4,000,000.

“The city was then bankrupt. The
officials gave me all the money they could
spare —for the first two months about
$30,000 a month. They then called on
President Roosevelt, with the statement

655

that they were bankrupt, and asked that
the Government come to the rescue.
President Roosevelt authorized the ex-
penditure of $250,000 from the national
epidemic fund. The city then cut down
its appropriation to $10,000, and later to
$5,000 a month. The state did not spend
as much as it should have spent. It
contributed only about $4,000 or $5,000
a month.

“Then we found that the plague among
the rats was increasing, although human
plague had almost disappeared. I took
the matter up with the Chamber of Com-
merce and the city authorities.

“The mayor appointed a committee
called the Citizens’ Health Committee.
A sub-committee was formed, of which
Mr. Charles Moore, now president of the
Panama-Pacific exposition, was chairman.
Those people tore down and burned a part
of ‘Butcher-town.’ They got stringent
health ordinances passed, and they pushed
forward the work of rat-proofing the
buildings of the whole city.

“One prominent citizen objected to this
treatment of his residence and secured an
injunction from the court. Other in-
junctions followed, and a hearing was held
before the Board of Health. An appeal
to civic spirit won in some cases; in others
property owners were ashamed to follow
up their contention that their property
should not be treated in the same manner
as that of their neighbors.

“In that way, with great gangs of
laborers and cement workers, we made
the whole city rat-proof. The last case
of human plague in San Francisco was
reported in January, 1908, and there has
not been one since.

“You see,’ explained Dr. Blue, “San
Francisco was liable to plague because of
its nearness to the Orient. Ships coming
in there as early as 1896 and 1808 un-
doubtedly brought in infected rats. Plague
doubtless existed two or three years in
Chinatown before it was found. The
Chinese, of course, would say nothing
about it. We suspected it in 1899, but,
as the Chinese never employ white
physicians, no official reports of any cases
were ever received.

“It was because of our suspicions that

656 | THE WORLD’S WORK

the board of health appointed what they
called an ‘inspector of the dead’ and passed
a regulation that no person dying within
a specified district could be buried without
a certificate from this inspector. The
first inspector, Dr. Wilson, began the
inspections in 1899, and by March, 1900,
had found a case of plague — the first
case discovered. At the present time it is
very hard to find a rat anywhere in San
Francisco. We have thirty-six men still
working there, under a doctor who is one
of the best men in the service in this
particular line of work.

“Another phase of the plague situation
came to my notice first while | was in
California in 1903. I had been called
to inspect a sick man at the German
Hospital in San Francisco. He died soon
afterward. We held a post mortem and
found that he had died of a case of virulent
bubonic plague. The peculiar thing about
the case was that he had come down from
the country, where there had been no
plague. I followed this clue and went to
his home in Contra Costa County. There
I found his brother, who told me that the
dead man had not been out of that par-
ticular district for forty days before he
went to San Francisco.

“Asked with regard to his brother’s
habits, the man told me that he had been
shooting and handling ground squirrels.
I thought that squirrels, being rodents,
were as likely to be carriers of plague germs
as rats. No other case occurred immedi-
ately afterward and we had no funds for
examination of rodents outside of San
Francisco. Later, however, I received
notice of a case of plague in Oakland.
There I found a boy, the history of whose
case showed that he, too, had been shoot-
ing ground squirrels. | went to the Gover-
nor and told him that | believed there was
plague infection among ground squirrels
outside the city. He was skeptical, but
allowed me to write a telegram to the
Surgeon-General, requesting a thorough
examination of ground squirrels. Soon
afterward, equipped with money, | got
all the proof I needed. Squirrels were
shot and sent to the laboratory in San
Francisco, where they were found to be
infected. In the last few years, plague

infected squirrels have been found in
about ten counties. Probably they were
infected from the rats in San Francisco.
“As these squirrels live in the open,
there is no way to use concrete against

them. Hence we have carried on a cam-

paign of education through the newspapers,
warning the people against eating squirrels
or handling them. At the same time we
are doing our best to exterminate the
infected squirrels. We have extended
this campaign to seventeen counties.
It is of the greatest importance that the
rodents of the Sierras be protected against
the advance of this disease, for, once
carried across the Sierras, the situation
would have grave possibilities.”

Dr. Blue feels that the work of the Public
Health and Marine Hospital Service
should be carried out along the present
lines, but that much more might be accom-
plished were he given a freer hand by the
statutes and by the Constitution. The
writer asked him how he was hindered
from extending the scope of the service,
and he replied:

“The limitations are contained in the
Constitution, with which the present laws
are in conformity. We now have some
very good laws, but not all the
necessary machinery to carry them out.
State and municipal health organizations
are a part of the health organization of
the country and on these authorities
devolves a great deal of responsibility
for the protection of health, for sanitary
police powers within the states have been
reserved by the states themselves.

“There is authority for the service to
aid state and municipal health authorities
in the prevention of the spread of con-
tagious and infectious disease, and, of
course, if the states and municipalities
should fail or refuse to take the necessary
measures of prevention, the Federal Gov-
ernment could go in and do so.

“The question of how the laws could
be improved has received a great deal of
consideration, both in and out of Con-
gress. It is my intention to study the
legislative situation, and to confer with
the Secretary of the Treasury and other
gentlemen interested in the improvement
of the public health to see what can be

ioe OF AA ack eee me ek

“WHAT | AM TRYING TO DO”

done. I have not yet had time to do this,
or to decide what additional legislation
would be of the most benefit. The
possibility of infringing on the police
powers of the state must, of course, be
avoided.

“T should: like to see such measures
adopted as would reduce the morbidity
rate in this country below that of other
countries, and as would increase the
expectancy of life.

“A great deal is being done, of course,
at the present time. Such reports as are
available are being collected and published
to show the prevalence of such diseases
as typhoid and tuberculosis. Investiga-
tions of contagious and __ infectious
diseases, and of other matters pertaining
to the public health, are being carried
on in the Hygienic Laboratory.

“Special investigations of leprosy are
being made in Hawaii, Congress having
made annual appropriations for the pur-
pose. As a result of these studies, the
leprosy bacillus has been grown in artificial
media, and studies are being made to
determine the facts concerning epidemics
of the disease and to discover possible
curative agents.

“In connection with the anti-plague
measures on the Pacific Coast, a Federal
laboratory is maintained, and investiga-
tions are being made of the plague in
special relation to the occurrence of the
disease among rodents in its bearing on
the health of human beings. At this
laboratory a plague-like disease among
rodents and the organism that causes
it have been discovered and described.
The occurrence of rat-leprosy on the
Pacific Coast has been proven, and the
susceptibility of various animals to plague
has been demonstrated.

“Investigations of pellagra are to be
pushed in the Southern states, laboratory
and hospital facilities for this purpose
having been provided at Savannah, Ga.
I should like to see the hookworm wiped
out and will work to that end. System-
atic investigations of intestinal parasites
of man have been carried on at the
Marine Hospital in Wilmington, N. C.
And tuberculosis is now being studied
at the tuberculosis sanatorium at

657
Fort Stanton, N. M. Bulletins treating
of these subjects are being issued now.

“An investigation that should be en-
larged is that of the pollution of interstate
waters. The work thus far done has been
done on the Great Lakes, and it is of an
educational character and of great value.
Similar studies should be made of those
rivers which are sources of supplies for
cities. The Great Lakes, for instance,
are polluted mainly by sewage. The
water can be filtered, but the control of
streams is one of the big problems before
the country to-day.

“We can greatly reduce the sick-rate
in cities by cleaning them up and pro-
viding a pure water supply and that is one
of my chief ambitions. The definite policy
of cities should be to clean up, to perfect
the collection of and disposal of garbage,
to put into force the best methods of the
disposal of sewage, and to prevent the
propagation of rodents that may transmit
disease. All new buildings should be
constructed with concrete foundations.
A great many health officers in cities and
states are doing excellent work along these
lines, but unfortunately their tenure of
office is uncertain, and about the time a
good standard of efficiency is reached
other persons take their places.

“Another serious problem that I shall
consider is the milk supply. Where milk
is shipped from one state or territory to
another, it would seem that it should
receive special attention from the Govern-
ment. Very active studies of milk have
been made by the Hygienic Laboratory
within the last five years, and some very
comprehensive information has been col-
lected. .

“One of the reforms that I should like
to see accomplished is the enlargement of
the Hygienic Laboratory of the Marine
Service in order to provide a course of
instruction on public health for municipal,
state, and other health officers.

“T should like to feel that soon the whole
country will know that the greatest agents
of disease in the world are rats, mice, and
rodents of all description, as well as flies
and mosquitoes and other similar insects.
My war will be upon all this tribe and it
will be unrelenting.”

A FACTORY THAT OWNS ITSELF

HOW THE GREAT ZEISS OPTICAL WORKS OF JENA RUNS ITSELF FOR THE BENEFIT
OF ITS EMPLOYEES, OF THE CITY IN WHICH IT STANDS, AND OF A FAMOUS
UNIVERSITY — A FINANCIAL SUCCESS IN COOPERATION

BY

RICHARD AND FLORENCE CROSS KITCHELT

OWN in southern Germany
near the Thuringian forest,
in a section so beautiful that
Charles V_ is said to have
placed it next to Florence,
there lies, like plum pudding in a bowl,
the little old town of Jena. Its first
famous plum, the University, has been a
wellspring of science, esthetics, and philos-
ophy these several centuries. And the
second famous plum is the Carl Zeiss
Works, where the science of codperation
and the philosophy of human brotherhood
are being practised and proved asa by-
product of optical instrument manufacture.
Years ago, back in 1846, one Carl
Zeiss, scientific instrument maker to the
University of Jena, established his first
little workshop, which, after thirty years,
employed only 36 people. But in the
next dozen years the number rose to 300.
It is now 3,000 and still growing, while
there are 1,000 more in the affiliated glass
works. At first they made only micro-
scopes: now they make also _photo-
micrographic instruments and appliances
for visual and ultra-violet light, lantern
and projection apparatus, instruments
for the observation of ultra-microscopic
particles, also photographic lenses, stereo-
scopes, binoculars, and various kinds of
measuring instruments, such as range-
finders for the army and navy, and
finally great telescopes.
For these things the Carl Zeiss Works
are famous. They are becoming equally

famous as a great industrial enterprise
not owned by capitalists but by itself,
completely the common property of all
connected with it.
interesting story.

When Carl Zeiss found his business
growing too large for him, in 1866, he took

And this is the more

into partnership a young University pro-
fessor, then but twenty-six years of age.
This man was the son of a spinning-mill
operative of Eisenach, and was named
Ernst Abbe. He became remarkable as
a scientist and inventor, and also as a
business organizer.

This last talent he used in a new way.
The child of a spinning-mill operative
must have come face to face with the
problems of bread without butter and of
a home without security. Whatever may
have been the cause, he was as deep a
student of social and industrial conditions
as he was of pure science, and, because of
his interest in those conditions, gave up
high professorial honors. When he be-
came impressed with the fundamental
injustice to the wage worker inherent in
the modern capitalistic system — that
injustice involving the insecurity of his
position, and the expropriation of part
of his earnings — he determined that he,
at least, as far as he could, would establish
juster conditions in his own province.

In 1891, two years after Abbe had
acquired sole control of the optical works,
upon the death of Carl Zeiss, he forswore
his great fortune and created the Carl
Zeiss Stiftung. To this foundation he
transferred the ownership of the business
and a controlling share in the affiliated
glass works. That is, he transferred the
ownership of the Zeiss Works to itself.
In five years more, 1896, the grand-ducal
government of Saxe-Weimar ratified and
invested with statutory force the provi-
sions of this foundation. Over it the
State has final control, but subject always
to the charter.

The administration is vested in a
committee representing the works, the
university, and the Government. Only

A FACTORY THAT OWNS ITSELF

general features of the charter can be out-
lined here, for, complete, it covers fifty-
seven printed pages.

It is notable that no_ capitalists
draw any dividends from the industry.
Income in excess of current expenses is
devoted to three general purposes: first,
improvement and enlargement of the
business itself; second, increase in the
wages of the operatives; third, better-
ment of their social conditions.

This common good to everyone in the
works is attained in various ways through
Abbe’s charter, and in no spirit of paternal-
ism. Of that he was intolerant. He
sought merely justice.

No superintendents or higher officials
may receive more than ten times as much
in wages as the average wage paid for the
last three years to all the workmen over
twenty-four years of age who have been in
the factory for three years. Therefore at
present the highest salaries are about
$5,000 a year. And the managers, those
officials who act on the governing board,
may not share in the dividends.

All workmen are guaranteed a definite
weekly wage which is the minimum they
may receive. But all work is done on a
piece basis, and the weekly income is
supposed to be in excess of the minimum
wage. In addition to this, at the end
of each year a part of the surplus is also
distributed. This, during the last four-
teen years, has averaged 8 per cent. of the
wages. There has been an increase of
about 14 per cent. in the average wage
since 1902, and the wage, not including
the annual bonus, is at present somewhat
higher than the average paid elsewhere in
Germany for work requiring similar skill.

Eight hours is a working day. It is
worthy of note that on the eight-hour
basis, which was introduced in 1900 by
vote of the workmen themselves, the
average product is 4 per cent. larger than
it was when nine hours made a day’s
work.

Overtime, which is always optional, is
paid for at 25 per cent. (when done at
night 50 per cent. and on holidays 100 per
cent.) more than the regular rate.

For regular holidays, and when called
from work unavoidably for emergency

659

military service, jury duty, sickness in
family, etc., workmen are allowed full
pay; for service with the reservists, last-
ing six weeks, half pay. A six days’
vacation with full pay is allowed each
year to employees over twenty years old
who have been in the establishment at least
one year. A longer vacation may be taken,
but they are paid only for six days.

No fines are assessed for any reason.
For specified offences, reprimand or dis-
charge may be inflicted after due trial.

Complete personal liberty of association,
and in religious and political affiliation, is
guaranteed.

Five to fifteen years’ service entitles
the workmen to a pension for disablement,
equal to 50 per cent. of the regular wage
received during the last year of work.
Additional pension of 1 per cent. is al-
lowed for each additional year of service
up to 75 per cent. of this wage.

Old age pensions, amounting to 75
per cent. of the last wage, may be claimed
after 30 years of service by employees
over 65 years of age. Upon the death of
a workman, the widow receives four
tenths of the amount of pension to which
he was entitled, and each orphan two
tenths. The full wage of the deceased
workman is paid to his widow for three
months, regardless of the length of time
he was in the employ of the establishment.

Probably the most unusual provision
anywhere existing for the well-being of
workingmen is that of continuing, for a
period, the wages of discharged employees.
When it is necessary, because of slack
work or change in methods in any depart-
ment, to dismiss employees, their full
wages are continued for a period equal to
one sixth of the time they were employed,
but not exceeding six months.

A sick fund has been established.
From it employees receive 75 per cent. of
their regular wage, when incapacitated
through illness, for a period not exceeding
one year. Free dental, medical, and
hospital service, and also free burial are
provided from this fund, both for workmen
and their families.

Apprentices are examined medically
at intervals.

For suggested improvements in the

660 THE WORLD’S WORK

establishment, and for new inventions
by employees, money prizes are given,
from thirty to forty such awards being
granted annually.

In these ways the income of the works
goes to the weekly wage and financial
security of the employees. Many other
things are done for their well-being. The
establishment does not build homes for
its work-people. That is done by a wholly
independent association, the Jena Co-
operative Building Society, which thus
far has erected 168 homes. But the
Zeiss Foundation has donated $3,750
to this society, and has lent it $26,250 at
3 per cent. interest.

Aerated water, milk, and rolls are sold
within the works at cost.

The town of Jena also comes in for a
share of the profits. Two splendid build-
ings have been erected for it out of
the profits of the works. They are the
Public Bath and the Volkhaus. In
the latter there are a reading room and
library, a school of arts and crafts, a
museum for popular and technical physics,
and two assembly halls, one large and one
small, open for any kind of popular or
political meeting.

To the old university, this business,
founded on a science learned within her
walls, pays its respects. The Zeiss Works
have added to its regular funds, and also
have made extraordinary improvements:
new buildings for physical, hygienic, and
mineralogical institutions; an institute for
scientific microscopy; extensions of the
chemical institute; and a seismographic
institute for the astronomical observa-
tory. And the entire scale of professorial
salaries has been raised.

From their earnings, the works have
greatly enlarged the plant, and have im-
proved the product in scientific and com-
mercial value. The business is eminently
successful from a financial as well as from
a human point of view. In the face of
the competition of other purely capitalis-
tic enterprises, in the last ten years, under
Abbe’s charter, the number of employees
has more than doubled. The new buildings
are large-windowed and of concrete, and
similar construction is gradually replacing
the older brick buildings. The glass

works spread their buildings and raise their
thirteen great chimneys on a hillside on
the edge of the town.

For the administration of this unusual
enterprise there is, as regulated by the
Stiftung, a self-perpetuating governing
board of four members, who must be ex-
perts in science or business. In addition,
there is a fifth member who is a com-
missioner appointed by the grand-ducal
government (through its department that
directs the university). This commis-
sioner cannot be appointed against the
unanimous opposition of the other mem-
bers, and one of these must be con-
nected with the glass works. None of
the members of the board may share in
the dividends.

In a plain little office lined with
books and pamphlets, and decorated with
one picture (that of Ernst Abbe), is found
the secretary, Dr. Frederick Schomerus.

He acts as a sort of intermediary
between the workers and the management.
It is worthy of note that there have
never been any strikes or labor troubles
at the Zeiss Works.

The interests of the workers are repre-
sented by a committee of 120, elected by
the votes of all employees over eighteen
years of age. From this large group an
executive committee of seven is chosen,
which meets weekly.

The fact that the workmen can thus
deal directly with the management has
not prevented at least two thirds of them
from becoming members in the national
unions of their respective crafts. Nat-
urally, they elect their local union officials
to the works committee. However,
negotiations are made with these men not
as union officials but as elected representa-
tives of the workmen.

Because of the pressure of outside com-
petition, the Zeiss enterprise has been
limited in the extent to which it could
improve the condition of its work people.
But it has demonstrated how much can
be done even under present conditions.
Finally, it has taught the further lesson
that the complete elimination of the
capitalist from an industrial enterprise
does not prevent its progress and success,
even from a business point of view.

ee

i

THE BISHOP OF THE ARCTIC

THE RT. REV. PETER TRIMBLE ROWE, WHOSE DIOCESE IS INTERIOR ALASKA, AND
WHO VISITS HIS MISSIONS BY TRAVELING THOUSANDS OF MILES BY DOG
SLEDGE AND REINDEER TEAM, BY SNOW SHOES AND CANOE,

OVER ICE AND THROUGH FROZEN WILDERNESS

BY

CARRINGTON WEEMS

HE charge of a bishopric con-

taining six hundred thousand

square miles, no small part

of which lies above the Arctic

Circle; the yearly visitation
of a chain of missions long enough to
reach around the globe; the consequent
exposure to all the perils of an unknown,
icebound land; traveling, in season and
out, by steamboat, canoe, reindeer, dogs
and snowshoes — all these burdens are
contemplated with equal cheerfulness by
the Bishop of Alaska, even in this ease-
loving twentieth century when few apply
“to tend the homely, slighted, shepherd’s
trade.” He proves himself one of that
long line of hardy, adventurous church-
men — perhaps the last. For the frontier
will soon be only amemory. Alaska is the
end. What Jacques Marquette, the French
Jesuit and missionary explorer in the
seventeenth century, was to the Indians
along the Wisconsin River and the Missis-
sippi and to the Illinois, among whom he
died; what Father Herman, the brave
bishop of the Orthodox Church, was a hun-
dred years later to the Aleuts of those
far-flung Western islands, whither he came
with the first Russian fur traders from the
coast of Asia; that and more, the Pro-
testant Episcopal Bishop Rowe is to-day,
in the vaster area drained by the Yukon
River and its tributaries, to all the
Indian tribes from the Thlinkits in the
near Southeast to the Eskimos of the
Arctic coast. To them Bishop Rowe
brings medical aid, religious instruction,
and the schooling so necessary to prepare
them against the civilization which other-
wise engulfs them disastrously. By the
lonely prospectors scattered through the
mountains and valleys of the interior,

Bishop Rowe is as well known and as
warmly welcomed — welcomed for his
genial presence as well as for the news and
reading matter which it is his custom to
supply to these isolated men. With
them the Bishop’s formula is a wise one.
First of all he meets the human craving
for tidings from the outside world. At
night, before time comes to turn in, when
confidence has been gained all round, the
Bishop remarks: “You are a long way
from any church; let’s have a little
church here by ourselves.” The next
time he strikes that camp, the request
to have church doesn’t have to come
from him.

Peter Trimble Rowe was born in Toronto
in 1859. The name is Irish and he no
less so. To that perhaps he owes his
unflagging buoyancy and good humor,
and the ready human sympathy which
so eminently fits him for the work he has
to perform in one of the few earthly dio-
ceses where a pure democracy prevails
and perfect equality is the rule. By
training, likewise, he was tried and tested
for his arduous life work. After ordina-
tion, which followed graduation from
Trinity College, he moved to an Indian
reservation at Garden River on the north-
ern shore of Lake Huron. Here the
round of his duties, by canoe in summer
and in winter on snowshoes, gave him the
dexterity to which later in Alaska he has
frequently owed his life. From sub-
sequent service in Michigan, where he
established a circle of missions, he ac-
quired the constructive and adminis-
trative experience indispensable to his
office in Alaska where the long distances
and uncertain periods of interrupted com-
munication necessitate the working out-

662

of plans years in advance. Altogether
it would have been impossible for the
convention of the Protestant Episcopal
Church, assembled in Minneapolis in
1895, to elect a better shepherd for their
little flock in that boundless pasture of
Alaska.

Frank and open, of direct, unstudied
address, the Bishop’s faculty of speaking
his mind without fear or favor might
have been reckoned against him in an
older episcopate, in an atmosphere charged
with tradition and convention. It is
on the frontier that he is at his best,
among sturdy, plain-speaking men, and
on the trail where grit and not cloth counts.
Once on the little wooden coastwise
packet Bertha —a survivor from halcyon
whaling days which seems still to reek of
rendered blubber—I saw him thus in
his element, supreme. A_ rare crowd
had gathered in the tiny smoking
cabin, prospectors, miners, adventurers,
derelicts — what-not? The bishop stood
out strongly, but always as one of the
crowd unconsciously better for his pres-
ence. In the long twilight, stories were
being told, they too, better for his presence.
Himself a natural story teller, with a
keen sense of humor, a hearty welcome
for his own sake is assured him in any
jovial company in Alaska. “Powerful
Joe,” the bishop’s warm admirer, was
also of the circle. For the length of the
coast and the Yukon River, he is famous
for the potency of his narrative and de-
scriptive gifts. His experiences have been
varied even for that shifting Northern
life; he has known the comforts — one
speaks seriously —of an Alaskan jail;
even his friends, held by his unfailing geni-
ality, reluctantly admit him a brand past
saving. His case is fitted accurately by
a story which the bishop tells of himself.
Once at Allakaket, beyond the Circle,
he was making ready for a dash farther
north. His party was to be increased;
and more dogs were needed. With his

Indian, Kobuk Peter, he went to look at
some animals that were offered and picked
a likely husky with intent to trade.
buk Peter shook his head.
him, Peter?” said the bishop. “1
buy him?”

Ko-
“How about
like
Peter's

his looks; shall |

THE WORLD’S WORK

head continued to shake; plainly he con-
sidered the husky hopeless. At last in
his labored English, of which he was vastly
proud, be blurted out: “Him no good
— him too much long time dog.”

The generosity of Mr. J. P. Morgan
made the consecration of the first Bishop
of Alaska possible, on St. Andrew’s Day,
1895, and Bishop Rowe took up his work
at once. From that time on his record is
the history of the Episcopal Church in
Alaska.

This church had three missions in that
northern territory before the arrival of
Bishop Rowe. Each marked a_ noble
adventure. In 1886, Rev. Octavius Par-
ker had been welcomed by the Ingiliks
—a tribe half Indian, half Eskimo, who
lived in houses underground — nearly
five hundred miles from the mouth of
the Yukon in a country then unexplored.
There at Anvik he established the first
Episcopal mission. Four years later, at
Point Hope — the Figaro, or “fore-finger’’
of the Eskimos — which reaches out into
the Arctic Ocean, a mission was opened
by Dr. John F. Driggs, whose heroic sac-
rifice is almost without parallel. He had
been dropped from a passing vessel on that
bleak Arctic shore, in the midst of a few
hundred Eskimos, harried and corrupted
by unscrupulous whalers, unhoused, cut off
from the world until the next yearly visit
of a revenue cutter. Most of his supplies
had been destroyed in a storm, but he
managed to build a hut and maintain him-
self alone. During twenty years he labored
for the regeneration of the natives of the
region, by instruction and medical treat-
ment, and left his post but twice — the
first time after seven years of exile within
the Arctic Circle. The third mission, now
at Tanana, was taken over from the Church
of England which had followed the
Hudson Bay Company into the country.

By a tacit convention, the several
denominations which conduct missions
in Alaska had delimited the spheres of
their activity to prevent overlapping.
This arrangement prescribed as the Epis-
copal mission field all the vast interior
region then unknown, the great areas
drained by the Yukon and the tributary
Koyukuk and Tanana rivers. These

THE BISHOP OF THE ARCTIC

are the great arteries of the interior, the
only highways of travel, by boat in the
short summer and by dog team and
reindeer in winter. They had been so
used for centuries by the native peoples,
whose Shamans had convinced them that
far up the mighty river in its unknown
length the spirits of their dead had their
abode. It was this diocese with which
Bishop Rowe had to acquaint himself,
and the promptness with which he set him-
self to the task was characteristic. From
Juneau, reached by sea, he gained the
headwaters of the Yukon over the trail
made famous the following year by the
Klondike rush. He was thus on the
ground before the influx of settlers, a
circumstance which proved of great ad-
vantage to the work of the church. At
that time the trail was little known. The
bishop and one companion traveled by
compass, and when the ice-locked river
opened, the two started down its current
in a boat of their own making, the boards
for which they whipsawed out of logs. In
this rude craft they were successful in
shooting dangerous rapids, and descended
the Yukon to its mouth. At the Anvik
mission, Bishop Rowe held his first con-
firmation service in August, 1896, and
received a number of Indians into the
church.

Sitka, once the Russian capital, was
selected as the bishop’s see. It was
also at that time the seat of American
government and the home of the Gover-
nor. St. Peters-by-the-Sea, the bishop’s
church, built on the picturesque Sitka
beach, was erected some years later largely
from his designs and with his active
participation. Even ‘the Governor,
John G. Brady, contributed his day’s
labor to the general quota.

From Sitka Bishop Rowe makes the
several trips necessary each year to cover
his diocese. When news comes of a gold
strike and the immediate establishment
of a new camp, he takes steps to go or
send there a representative of the church.
In 1899, foreseeing the stampede to Nome,
he got word to an assistant in the interior
who reached the new camp by a winter
trail overland, and was joined some weeks

663

later by the bishop. As labor was being
paid twenty dollars a day, these two,
aided by another missionary, built St.
Mary’s Church with their own hands.

Traveling nearly eleven months in every
year in a country like Alaska keeps one
in training. Mountain climbing, snow-
shoe work, and canoeing care for that.
In the intervals, Bishop Rowe keeps fit
for the trail by long distance running,
hill climbing, and jumping rope. When
he starts on a thousand mile jaunt in dead
of winter with only one companion, the
lives of both may depend upon his fitness.
In the interior he is counted a first rate
“musher,” and is a familiar figure on every
trail. Once, however, so the story goes,
he met a lone prospector to whom he was
unknown, floundering along over lumpy
ice with wearied dogs. The bishop, too, had
had his difficulties and wondering what
lay ahead of him made inquiry of the
stranger. “It’s hell,” the prospector re-
plied, and proceeded to relieve his pent-up
feeling with a profane account of just how
bad it was, to which the bishop listened
quietly. “And how’s it been your way,
partner?” he concluded. With sincere
conviction the churchman responded earn-
estly, “ Just the same.”

To gain an idea of the experiences that
fall to Bishop Rowe upon his visitations,
one of his trips might be followed. Although
it is not easy to get from Bishop Rowe
details of his achievements, his diary
furnishes some bare facts of difficulties
encountered between Tanana and Valdez.
Leaving Tanana with one companion and
a five-dog team, he made for Fairbanks,
then the newest mining camp, and pushed
on to Valdez, to which town the govern-
ment trail had not then been built.

“Our sled was loaded with robes, tent,
stove, axes, clothing, and food for sixteen
days for dogs and selves. Wind
blew the snow like shot in our faces. |
kept ahead of the dogs, leading them,
finding the way. We had to cross the
wide river; the great hummocks made
this an ordeal; had to use the axe and
break a way for the dogs and sled. In
the midst of it all the dogs would stop;
they could not see; their eyes were closed

664

with the frost; my own were; so I rubbed
off the frost and went on. The time came
when the dogs would — could — no longer
face the storm. | was forced to make a
camp. It was not a spot | would choose
for the purpose. The bank of the river
was precipitous, high, rocky, yet there
was wood. I climbed one hundred feet
and picked out a spot and made a camp
fire. Then returned to the sled, un-

THE WORLD’S WORK

tried to hitch the dogs, but they would
not face the storm, so | resigned myself
to the situation and remained in camp.
It was my birthday, too. I kept busy
chopping wood for the fire. ; in
carrying a heavy log down the side of the
mountain, I tripped, fell many feet, and
injured shoulder slightly.

“After another cold and shivering night
we found the wind somewhat abated and

ao CF Fe

(otzebue
Sound

¢ Nor tons
¢ Sound §
f St-Michaelf*,

®.

7
so
/ ee
’ Gy ae Iditarod
y Anvik Chagelak,
4 ;
a — x
G a gn vas

E oe ae
GOLD

Seward
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Fe panel
a 1 asyeniyan
Poe plus

SS is a
Cc E as) ae Ing "ny *”, Mp *, *.
ae ai

SCALE OF MILES
0 100 3co

3co

A BISHOPRIC 600,000 MILES SQUARE

IN WHICH BISHOP ROWE, BY STEAMBOAT, CANOE,

REINDEER, DOGS AND SHOWSHOES TRAVELS EVERY

YEAR, IN VISITING HIS MISSIONS, A DISTANCE EQUAL TO THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE GLOBE

harnessed dogs, got a ‘life line,’ went up
and tied it to a tree near the fire. By
means of this we got up our robes and food
sufficient. Here after something to eat
we made a bed on the snow. It
was a night of ‘shivers.’ Froze our
faces.

“|. . After a ‘sleepless night we
were up before daybreak. It was still
blowing a gale; had some_ breakfast;

without breakfast hitched up the dogs,
packed sled, and were traveling before
it was very light.

“.,. . Reached Rampart in time
for evening service, after a day’s tramp
of thirty-two miles — we had service, and
I preached to a very large congregation.

“Made my preparations for ‘hitting
the trail’ again. Had to provide for a
twenty days’ journey. This meant 280

THE BISHOP OF THE ARCTIC

665

BISHOP ROWE’S VESTED CHOIR AT THE ARCTIC CIRCLE
EASTER AT ALLAKAKET, 1909

pounds of dried fish for the dogs alone
— obliged to get more dogs — nine in all.
“Arrived Stevens Village. Ruuners
sent out to inform far away hunters.
“Froze my fingers in unsnarling the
dogs.
“Arrived Fort Yukon — three hundred
Indians in camp.
“Early in the day while piloting the

ONE OF BISHOP ROWE’S PARISHIONERS

““AUNT ELIZA,” THE OLDEST INHABITANT OF
FORT YUKON

way | encountered bad ice, open water,
broke through and got wet. After that
| felt my way with axe in hand, snow-
shoes on feet, until it grew dark. In
the darkness I broke through the ice and
escaped with some difficulty.

“All night the wolves howling nearby
and we liad to keep our dogs near the fire,
to prevent their being killed. Bitter iron
cold shackled the northland. By night
the fire roared defiance to a frost which
it could not subdue, while dog and man
crouched near it for protection from its
awful power. When outside of the fire’s
light, the heavens were ablaze with moving
lights — the aurora borealis of the Arctic
shone with wonderful brilliance.

“Only the great white desolation, silent,
awful, broken by the wail of wolves or the
cracking of ice, as though strange spirits
were all about you. The days were
strange as the nights. Close by the river
crept the spruce, and through this there
trotted, doglike, packs of wolves, invisible,
but none the less real as their howlings
indicated.

“Left Circle City for Fairbanks —
temperature had been 72 degrees below
— moderated and was now 50 degrees.

“All protested against my proposed
trip to Valdez. Distance, five hundred
miles; no trail, way uncertain — availing

BISHOP ROWE IN THE EPISCOPAL
ROBES AND —

myself company of mail carrier — left
Fairbanks.

“Did not sleep last night — very cold
—shoulder pained —must be 65 de-
grees below. A low mist hangs over the
snow, a sign of intense cold. Broke camp,
dogs unwilling to start—too cold for
their feet. Sleds pulled hard — made a
camping place late, nothing since break-
fast.

“Slept better. Fingers ached — froze
them yesterday — hard to persuade dogs
to start— whined and held up their
feet.

“Seventy degrees below. The same

monotonous ‘mushing.’ Our ‘trail
breakers’ broke through the ice — a nar-
row escape.

“Dogs very weary, feet bleeding.

“Food getting low, could do without
three dogs and save food, so shot them.
Hard, but had to be done.

THE WORLD’S WORK

“None of us knew the way. All food
gone for dogs and men but my stock.
Shared with others.

“Got some ptarmigan and rabbits,
helping food supply.

“We traveled hard and fast as we
possibly could while strength lasted —
down to tea and a biscuit fora meal. The
dogs were also suffering, but none the less
faithful and willing.

“Had some tea. Getting weak.
wild because hungry.

“Came to an Indian camp. They said
it was fifteen miles to Copper River.

“Found a mail cabin on the Copper
River and food and rest.

“Next day we reached Valdez.”

Dogs

Adventures like this he regards lightly.
Every winter brings their repetition.
Every year he covers more than twenty
thousand miles in one way or another.
Once he was paying his yearly visit to St.
John’s-in-the-Wilderness — the church’s
most northern mission at Allakaket on
the Koyukuk River, where Deaconess
Carter, with only a woman associate,

— BISHOP ROWE IN HIS ARCTIC FIELD
COSTUME

ASHOOIC SIH NI SNOISSIW
AHL OL SLISIA SAMOU dOHSIA ATAISSOd SHYVW HOIHM ‘HLYON YUVA AHL AO AUYVAHONOUOHL LVINO AHL ‘NOWNA NAZOUA AHL °

VMSVIV ‘AVMGVOUd

668 THE WORLD’S WORK

TRAVELING BY ESKIMO CANOES TO A MISSION ON KOTZEBUE SOUND

holds an isolated post for which no man
offered. In order to minister to some
prospectors remote from communication
he pushed on to Noland Creek, which,
excepting the coast, is the farthest north
that white men have ever settled in Alaska.
At length arrived there, in the teeth of a
blizzard, services were held in a cabin
selected because the sick man in it was
unwilling to be left out. Fifty-two men,
the entire camp, attended, perched in
rows on the double tier of bunks.

The bishop’s last visit to Point Hope,

on the Arctic Ocean, was made in 1908;
that was a typical episcopal year; 121
services were held in the 22,000 miles
traversed. Leaving Sitka June 1, he
started for the Arctic by way of the Yukon,
which he descended as far as Anvik in
the Pelican — the mission’s indispensable
launch. With him went Archdeacon Hud-
son Stuck of the Yukon, his indefatigable
lieutenant for the whoi2 length of that
mighty river. Conferences vere held with
workers at various points, and frequent
services for the Indians along the 3,000

BISHOP ROWE’S SLEDGE
CROSSING OPEN WATER ON THE YUKON TRAIL. NOTE THE INSIGNIA OF HIS EPISCOPAL OFFICE AT THE REAR

THE BISHOP OF THE ARCTIC

Eee a eee P

‘“ST. JOHN’S-IN-THE-WILDERNESS *

’

THE NORTHERNMOST CHURCH IN AMERICA, BUILT LARGELY BY BISHOP ROWE’S OWN HANDS

miles of waterway. At Nome the revenue
cutter Thetis was overtaken. On her,
Point Hope was soon reached, and there
he was able to remain while the little
vessel paid her annual visit to Point
Barrow and returned. In this short
interval the bishop determined to build
a new church, having found that in the
old “igloo”’ previously used the air “got
so bad that the lights went out.”” So with
no other assistance than that of Rev.
A. R. Hoare, the missionaty in charge,
and a few unskilled Eskimos, he built

a church “with a cross so high that it
will serve as a land-mark for passing
whale ships.” The transformation in the
Eskimos at Point Hope is remarkable.
They are the most cleanly, honest, and
dependable natives on the North Coast.

The work done in Alaska under Bishop
Rowe’s direction for the white inhabitants,
of whom there are hardly more than

35,000, has been most practical and
effective. Five hospitals are supported
and as many dispensaries. The well

BISHOP ROWE PREACHING TO THE INDIANS
AT A FISHING VILLAGE ON THE BANKS OF THE YUKON RIVER

BISHOP ROWE’S SUMMER CONVEYANCE

THE “ PELICAN,” THE LITTLE RIVER-BOAT ON WHICH
HE HAS TRAVELED MANY THOUSANDS OF MILES

equipped hospitals at Wetchikon, Fair-
banks, and Valdez are the only institutions
of their kind in their respective regions.
Besides the Good Samaritan Hospital
at Valdez, there is not another for several
thousand miles along the coast, and one
whom it has nursed can speak feelingly
of the urgent need it fills. The Fairbanks
7imes speaks appreciatively of the read-
ing room maintained by St. Matthew's
Mission in supplying standard literature,
in weekly and periodical form, to a ter-
ritory of practically unknown extent.
Its beneficiaries are found hundreds of
miles apart. Similar work is done in all
the missions wherever the need demands.
One of the most unusual and most suc-
cessful institutions established by the

BISHOP ROWE HELPS BUILD HIS
CHURCHES
ST. THOMAS’S, WITHIN THE

ARCTIC CIRCLE

THE WORLD’S WORK

church is the “Red Dragon’ Club,
opened in Cordova by Rev. E. P. New-
ton in July, 1908. When the Morgan-
Guggenheim Syndicate made Cordova
the terminal of a line to the interior, a
little city sprang up and several thousand
men collected there. The practical wis-
dom of beginning with a club and read-
ing room, rather than with a church,
appealed to the bishop. So successful
was the venture that in the future a similar
plan will be followed elsewhere, and at

“RIDING CIRCUIT” WITH REINDEER

“OLD JOHN,” ONE OF THE KOBUK INDIANS, GET-
TING THE BISHOP'S TEAM READY FOR
tHE START FROM THE MISSION

the start a building will be erected that
can thus be used seven days in the week.
Reading and writing material, a piano, and
a pool table attracted the miners and
railroad men from less wholesome amuse-
ments. When time came for church,
tables were pushed back, service was
held, and the men remained.

Including the clergy, nurses, teachers
and native readers, about fifty workers
in Alaska serve under Bishop Rowe.
Iwenty-four churches are — scattered
through his huge diocese, and almost
twice as many missions are maintained
more or less regularly.

THE BISHOP OF THE ARCTIC 671

But it is the natives’ welfare that gives
the bishop most concern. For them ex-
clusively two hospitals were established

- the only two in Alaska. And for them
alone fourteen schools are conducted by
the church, two saw-mills are run, and
reindeer are being propagated. The In-
dians of the interior have in Bishop Rowe
a sturdy champion. He has but just
returned to his bishopric from a visit made
in their behalf upon President Taft. His
coéperation has been promised, and a bill

the preceding year. This was due to the
proximity of the white settlement. Game
had become scarce, demoralizing influences
played havoc among them, and an epi-
demic of tuberculosis broke out.

The latest trip “inside” which the
resolute churchman has made—a dash
through country almost unexplored,
accompanied only by an Indian (whose
life was saved at great risk on the Sahlina
River when he fell through a hole in the
ice) — was prompted by a desire to con-

REV, E. P. NEWTON, THE RECTOR AT VALDEZ, DIGGING HIS WAY INTO HIS RECTORY
AT ONE OF THE MISSIONS FOUNDED BY BISHOP ROWE

has been drawn up by the Alaskan dele-
gate to Congress embodying the bishop’s
suggestions, He strongly favors a reser-
vation system, modeled somewhat on
Father Duncan’s mission at Metlakahtla.
His desire is to have instruction directed
first at sanitary improvement to stay the
frightful mortality among the natives.
Out of four hundred Indians at Sitka,
forty died a year ago, for the most part of
tuberculosis. In visiting another station
some time since, it was found that 50
per cent. of the people had died during

sult with Chief Isaac of the Ketchumstock
tribe as to the placing of a mission on the
upper Tanana most convenient to the
Indians.

The condition of the natives south of the
Tanana he reports as pathetic in the
extreme. They are poor and neglected,
have little clothing and less food, and in
many cases are suffering from loathsome
disease. Their hunting grounds overrun
by the white men, they are pushed back
into the fastnesses or else made victims
of debauchery. Although the Government

THE WORLD’S WORK

THE HOSPITAL AT FAIRBANKS, FOUNDED BY BISHOP ROWE

spends a great deal in attempts at their
education, the efforts made to ameliorate
their physical condition are almost negli-
gible. Something entirely different is

needed, in the bishop’s opinion, to help
the original possessors of the country,

now become like children, hungry, dirty,

and diseased. “It came to me,” says
he, “that | should make it my first con-
cern to go and plead with the President
and Congress for remedial laws.” This
vow he promptly fulfilled. If anything
is done for the unfortunate aborigines of
Alaska, to him will be the glory.

AND THE READING ROOM OF THE HOSPITAL, WHERE ALL MEN ARE WELCOME

GAIN sounds the tocsin of con-
flict. Again rises the voice
of the patriot and statesman,
calling his neighbors to rally
once more for the defence of

the Nation, that her pe-roud banner be

not dragged in the dust, the ship of state
be not dashed to pieces on the rocks, the
bulwarks of liberty be not shattered by
the subtle wiles of the money oligarchy,
the rule-or-ruin mob, the abandoned Re-
publicans, the depraved Democrats, the
foes of American labor, the predatory
trusts, the lawless labor unions, the
cowardly foe of the old soldier and the
bandits that batten on the spoils of un-
deserved office. Once again the Republic
is in the midst of those frightful dangers
which she encounters every fourth year,
and tens of thousands of leather-lunged
counselors are preparing to mount stage
and cart-tail and point the way to sure
salvation.

The campaign now about to be begun

i is certain to be one of unusual earnestness.

Moral forces are alive that were un-

“FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS”

OUR POLITICAL ORATORS OF ALL PARTIES, AND THE WAYS THEY USE TO WIN US

BY
| WILLIAM BAYARD HALE

awakened yesterday; on the other hand,
the interests that have dominated in
politics for so many years know that they
have to face an insurrection certain, sooner
or later, to overthrow them; to postpone
defeat another four years there is no
means to which they would not resort.
It is not necessary to deny that there is
moral enthusiasm on their side also
who stand for the old order and abundant
ability to make the best use of the argu-
ments that run to
their purpose. It
is certain that
there never were
so many people
deeply interested
in political dis-
cussion, and it is
likely that the
summer and early
autumn will wit-
ness an oratorical
tournament never
equaled in the
country’s history. WILSON

674

The chief figures
in the mélée may
even now be pre-
dicted. President
Taft or ex-Presi-
dent Roosevelt
will carry the Re-
publican banner;
if Governor
Wilson does not
bear the other,
then some one in
the list below will
do so. A hund-
red men of lesser,
but still consider-
able, note will
range themselves
on either side; a
hundred new rep-
utations will be
made. But among the foremost “gladia-
tors” will surely be the score of men pic-
tured on these pages.

President Taft is one of the best living
illustrations of what practice in the art
of oratory can do for a man without
native genius for it. When Mr. Taft
began to address his fellow-citizens in
public speech, he was about as effective
at it as a high-school boy in his debating
society. He had no voice, his manner
was constrained, he had no confidence,
he had nothing to say that anybody cared
to listen to, and
he said it with-
out any enthusi-
asm. Experience
on the bench does
not equip a pop-
ular orator. At
times his remarks
were halting and
broken, as well
as inconsequen-
tial. But Mr. Taft
kept at it. As
President he has
appeared _ before
many _ hundred
audiences of wide-
ly diverse char-
acter, and _ has
addressed them.

HARMON

CUMMINS

THE WORLD’S WORK

He has acquired
facility and felic-
ity. Always per-
sonally a charm-
ing man, he has
liberated this
personal charm to
flow through the
channels of pub-
lic address. His
smile is infectious,
his chuckle — se-
ductive, and the
kindliness of the
man most win-
ning. The Presi-
dent seldom
speaks without
making some
playful allusion to
his own gigantic
frame. And he has acquired the faculty
of positiveness in assertion — which his
earlier speeches lacked.

But the President’s real development as
an orator began with the tour of last
autumn in which he undertook to tell the
country about the General Arbitration
Treaties. His heart was in that; it is
doubtful if the President’s heart had ever
been in anything else as it was in the
effort to force the Senate to ratify the
treaties he had negotiated with Great
Britain and France. He had the right
of it, he was sure
in his sense of
right, and he be-
gan to speak with
a confidence, a
fire, and an elo-
quence that put
him at once
among the most
convincing public
speakers of the
day.

Already he has
traveled more
than any other
man who has held
the _ presidency,
and his re-nomi-
nation would
mean other and

CLARK

LA FOLLETTE

676

,

“GEORGE FRED’

POMERENE

THE WORLD’S WORK

still longer journeys. Mr. Taft enjoys
travel, and he has come to enjoy speaking.
While he does not inflame enthusiasm, he
does create friendly feeling; that it is
insincere to deny. On the other hand, he
is liable to slip somewhere in the delivery
of so many off-hand speeches. The Win-
ona speech, prepared “between stations,”
was a fatal slip. It may have taught him
carefulness.

At this writing there is no telling whether

or not “T.R.” will have any part in the
campaign. If he has, it will be in the
centre of the stage. Mr. Roosevelt was
not a born orator. He has about as
many faults of public speech as any one
man could have, yet he is, withal, as
everyone knows, one of the most effective
of speakers. He has a poor voice, and he
generally pitches it too high, but he is
heard with perfect ease by the largest
throngs because of his remarkably clear
enunciation. He bites off each word
with steel-like jaws. Of late, he has
fallen victim to a vicious habit of letting
his voice frequently break into a _ half-
articulate falsetto. This is his way of
indicating that he is convulsed with
laughter, and it is amusing — the first
two or three times one hears it.

Mr. Roosevelt grimaces constantly and
gesticulates continually, his gestures con-
sisting of the waving of an arm aloft and
the bringing of it down with clenched
fist. It is tiring to listen to Mr. Roose-
velt — not that the attention flags; it
does not, the attention is held, but the
listener does not listen at ease. Perhaps
it is not desirable that he should; it is
not Mr. Roosevelt’s idea that anybody
should be at ease. It does not seem to
me, however, that Mr. Roosevelt is a per-
suasive speaker. His gifts of vitupera-
tion are great, and his power of stating a
platitude with the zeal with which a
prophet might impart a new and profound
thought is interesting. He has always
displayed a clairvoyant knowledge of
what the average man thinks, however,
and he always gets an uproarious response;
but this is not a tribute to his oratory,
it is awarded the man.

It was interesting to observe the im-
pression made by the ex-President in

PENROSE

“JEFF” DAVIS

MARTINE

“FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS”

HUGHES

England. On the
three occasions
when Mr. Roose-
velt made his
principal ad-
dresses in England
he was at his best
from the stand-
point of reasoned

argument and
dignity of man-
ner; but his

hearers were
frankly disap-
pointed in him.
Lord Curzon, the
only Englishman
of distinction who
spoke at any
length on any of
these occasions,
combined ease
and humor with
power so com-

mandingly as to show off the American

to little advantage.

Mr. Roosevelt’s campaign speech is a

fierce onslaught; true,

he is much more

addicted to jokes than he used to be, but

they are fierce jokes.

He never undertakes

to deceive an audi-
ence; he is not
there to persuade
his antagonists,
but to break their
heads. He springs
into the limelight
with gleaming
teeth, one foot on
a slain tiger and
the other on a
hippopotamus,
shaking his fist at
the assembled
armies of the
world and calling
on the firmament
to fall and leave
him unterrified.
He speaks with
the authority of
the voice from
Sinai. The story
of his deeds —

how he captured
San Juan Hill, and
took Panama, and
sent the greatest
fleet on the long-
est cruise — is the
Homeric legend of
America, and his
sentiments are as
unchallengeable
as the moral law.
Most audiences
like it immensely.
An old German
once came away
with a look of per-
plexity in his eye:
Ach! er spricht wie
ihn der Schnabel
gewachsen ist! He
sighed, however,
satisfaction at his
own untranslat-
able explanation
— “every bird
grown.”

BEVERIDGE

speaks as its bill has

Mr. Bryan continues to be — whatever
you may think of him or his views —
doubtless the most effective spell-binder

“in our midst.”

presence and
a voice unap-
proached. Per-
haps that of
George A. Knight,
of California, may
excel it in volume.
At the Chicago,
1904, convention,
after Harry Still-
well Edwards of
Georgia had been
vainly trying to
make himself
heard over cries of
“Louder,” Knight
opened his mouth
and shook the
walls and made
the windows rat-
tle till listeners
in a far-off gallery
shouted back
“Not so loud!”

He has an unexcelled

BRYAN

eUMSRNSAT A

So en cere aceon erm

678 THE WORLD’S WORK

Mr. Bryan has never spoken in a building
too big for him to fill with his voice; the
whole out-of-doors seems not too big, for
it is the experience of thousands who have
listened to him in the open that the only
advantage gained by pressing toward the
speaker’s stand was that something could
be seen of the speaker; he could be heard
anywhere on the outskirts of crowds of
20,000, and from roofs and tree-tops so
distant that it was impossible to distin-
guish him. One night out in Indiana
during the last week of the 1900 campaign,
when Mr. Bryan was making the con-
cluding speech of the day in the county
fair-grounds of one of the county-seats,
| paced what I concluded to be a half
mile from the speaker’s stand without
passing beyond the zone in which his
every word was perfectly clear.

That was, if I recollect aright, his
seventeenth speech that day. We had
started from Indianapolis in the early
morning, zig-zagged through the western
and northwestern counties and were com-
ing down the middle, with stops at in-
tervals of less than an hour, every stop
meaning a speech before a crowd of any-
where between two and ten thousand. As
the day drew on we could keep tally of
the number of stops we had made by count-
ing the number of shirts hung from the
bell-cord running through our special
car. There never was such a display
of physical strength as Mr. Bryan made

during those weeks, delivering dozens of
speeches a day with never a sign of fatigue
in bearing or voice. Others have done the
like, | know — Mr. Roosevelt has made
his “whirlwind finishes”” among others —
but no one has ever spoken so often, to
sO many people, with such complete ease,
as the “peerless leader”’ did in his first two
campaigns.

He has never been quite the same since
I fancy, however. He is a much older man
now, and something of the old fire is gone.
Still, he is the most plausible and ingratia-
ing wizard of the stump. Only the magic
is likely to expire as the wizard departs.

With the advent of Woodrow Wilson
on the political stage comes a new type of
man and a new type of oratory. Mr.
Wilson has long been known as an ex-
quisite master of English prose. He
speaks as he writes — with a trained and
skilful handling of the resources of the
language, a sureness, an accuracy, a power,
and a delicacy surpassing anything ever
before heard on the political platform in
America. It was felt by some of his
friends that Mr. Wilson’s classical habit
of language would militate against his
success as a politician — it was felt to be
a matter of extreme doubt whether he
could address the people in a language
they would understand or feel the force
of. The first appearance of the candidate
for the Jersey governorship dissipated
these doubts. Mr. Wilson knew how to

hr

“FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS”

LODGE

talk to the people, knew how to win them.
He changed his manner very little, never
stooping as if he had to, to make the people
understand. No matter where or before
what sort of audience he spoke, his
speeches were on a high plane, but they
were so clear, so definite, that every man
understood and wondered why he had not
thought of that himself.

Governor Wilson is not only the most
intellectual speaker that this generation,
perhaps any generation, has seen on the
stump; he is the most engaging. A
friendly smile is almost always on his face
— always in beginning, at any rate. His
words come with vigor, but with a gentle
good-nature, too—not a good-natured
tolerance of the ills he is opposing, but a
good-natured confidence that they will
soon be overthrown. A serene faith in
the outcome is one of the characteristics
of Wilson’s attitude; he is an optimist,
and his speeches have the invigorating
charm and power of a call to join an army
which is marching to glorious and certain
victory.

Wilson is a_ great story-teller — in
private he keeps his friends in hours-

long gales of laughter; he uses simple
words and strong words, but seldom
-slang. He loves nonsense verse and limer
icks, and often reels them off while he is
getting acquainted with his audience —
for he talks with an audience, not fo it.
Mr. Wilson has a very long jaw and
a strongly individual face; some people
would call him homely. He was under
no illusion about that matter himself;
he told the people during his campaign
for the governorship that they might as
well prepare themselves for a busy gover-
nor, for the Lord never intended him to be
ornamental. “Yes,’’ he remarked once;

“For beauty I am not a star;

There are others handsomer, far;
But my face — I don’t mind it,
For I am behind it;

’Tis the people in front that I jar!”

There used to be told in Oxford a story
of a clergyman of eloquence so moving
that one day, when he preached in the

University Church on the flood, members
of the congregation raised their umbrellas.

COCKRAN

KERN

680

GORE

THE WORLD’S WORK

Bourke Cockran
doesn’t preach on
the flood, but he is
the most realistic
orator on the po-
litical platform.
When at his best,
he is intensely
dramatic, swaying
the minds of his
audience as John
B. Gough used to
do. Cockran is a
heavy man, of great
dignity of manner,
not gymnastic like
Gough, but in-
tensely energetic.
His services would
be more fruitful if
they were given
consistently to
either party. As it
is, a speech by
Bourke Cockran is
very much like a
piece by the band

—an interesting performance, but entirely

without prejudice as to the real convic-
tions, if they have any, of the performers.

The most dramatic orator, the real
tragedian, of the political stage to-day,

PALMER

is Robert Marion
La Follette. Ac-
cent the “Foll’’;
the Wisconsin Sen-
ator doesn’t want
to be a French-
man, though he
can’t help it. The
instinct of the actor
is in his blood; he
can’t speak with-
out a gesture, and
he gestures with
every part of his
body. Mr. La
Follette has two
brands of speech;
one for the Senate,
the other for the
public. In the cap-
itol he can be quiet-
ly impressive, with

voice beautifully
modulated and
with graceful
gestures. On the
stump, he must be
vociferous and
gymnastical. He
paces the platform;
he waves his hands;
he beats the air; he
pounds the table.
A favorite act is to
slap with his right
hand the _ out-
stretched palm of
the left. Some-
times he stops
speaking and
spends a minute or
two in pantomime
— sometimes e x-
pressive, some-
times indicative on-
ly of the fact that
the speaker is very
much aroused and
must work off his
surplus energy.

stantly.

his trousers pocket
half a dozen times;
if he refers to think-
ing, he takes his
head in his hands;
if he speaks of
investigating, he
bores a hole in the
air with his fore-

finger. At the
great Carnegie Hall
meeting in New

York in January,
discussing the
courts, the Senator
exclaimed, “ We do
not want judges
with —” then he
stopped and leaned
far over to the
right with his hand
to his ear, as if

Much of the time his eyes
appear to be closed; he grimaces con-
If there isa piece of calisthenics
which will help out an idea, La Follette
uses it; if he speaks of money, he slaps

‘JOHN SHARP”

“FRIENDS AND FELLOW-CITIZENS”

listening to a voice coming up through the
floor; and continued, “with their ears to
the ground. But neither do we want,”
and now he went to the other side of the
platform and bent down till his head
almost touched the floor, “neither do
we want judges with their ears to the
railroads.” The audience had held its
breath, now it broke into thunderous
applause.

I don’t mean to speak of the Wis-
consin Progressive leader lightly. When
the history of the Progressive movement
comes to be written, his will be the foremost
figure in it; his industry and his construc-
tive statesmanship will then receive their
due meed of praise. To his power on the
platform the regeneration of Wisconsin
is due. It goes without saying La Follette’s
subject matter and literary form are
beyond criticism.

Senators Lodge and Root are likely to
make due appearance during the’summer.
They serve to adorn large bills and
add distinction to decorous gatherings.
Neither of them counts much in the real
work of persuading voters. They lack
the physical qualifications for that: Root’s
voice is light and unimpressive; Lodge is
the better speaker, and may do something
to confirm those already grounded in the
faith, but both entirely lack knowledge
of the art of popular appeal. Penrose is
a giant, with a high-pitched voice, a
drawl, and a lisp, but he is the possessor
of a positive manner, nevertheless, and a
pugnacity that makes him capable of
effective work when he likes; Penrose is
inclined to be indolent, but he will have
many incentives to activity this year.

Of other Senators, the Democrats John
Sharp Williams, Kern of Indiana, and
Pomerene of Ohio, are likely to be in the
thick of the fight.
a Harmon man, but he is also an over-
weaningly ambitious man, and he may be
counted on to be as eager in the fray for
one candidate as for another. He has a
ringing voice and a sturdy right arm.
With a sturdier physique, Senator Wil-
liams would be in the front rank of cam-
paigners, as he is of Senatorial debaters.
Indeed, it would hardly to-day be disputed
that Williams is the cock of the Senatorial

Pomerene is, of course, .

681

walk; Heyburn is the only man left who
does not tremble at the thought of a
passage at arms with the Alabamian, but
then Heyburn is a colossus of vanity.
Williams’s satire is biting, his good-natured
humor delicious, his eloquence surpassing.
Mr. Kern has developed into an energetic
and convincing speaker. Without special
graces, he has learned the art of direct and
forceful speech. He looks the part of the
good old honest farmer, with his war-time
whiskers.

Bailey is the most plausible member of
the Senate, and on the platform he is a
wonder of persuasive adeptness. The
trouble with Bailey is his perversity and
his conceit. Borah, Republican, of Idaho,
is an excellent campaigner, robust, ready,
genial, and eloquent; without special
mannerisms, he is a sound, not a highly
original but a dependable, vote-maker.

Senator Gore is a campaigner of most
unusual ability, despite the handicap of
his blindness — which, indeed, is only
noticeable to close observers. He gets
about with the facility so marvelous in
those who have never had vision, and his
posture and manner in speech are not
markedly different from those of others.
Judge West of Ohio, the favorite “blind
orator” of the last generation, used to sit
while speaking, and his style was a florid
one. Senator Gore is delightfully humor-
ous; usually good-natured, he is a master
of satire and irony, clear-headed and
strong in power of statement, master of a
great deal of rhetorical grace, and with
enough sentiment to give warmth to his
higher flights of oratory.

Two former Senators who are likely to
be in the campaign are Beveridge and
Dick. The Indianian is the perfect type
of the college orator; in maturity he does
the thing more smoothly and rather more
convincingly than of old, but he does. it
precisely as he learned to do it in his
Sophomore year. Beveridge regards
himself as an orator. Each speech is an
effort. He prepares carefully. He used
to commit to memory, and whether or
not he does that now, he recites as if he
did. Beveridge’s sentences are rhe-
torical; he never says a thing simply if
he can say it oratorically; he likes in-

|
:
'
i

i
ri
a

682 THE WORLD’S WORK

verted phrases, wrong-end-first construc-
tions, alliterations, refrains, and all the
rest of it. ‘Never before has the country
faced such a crisis; never before has the
great heart of the people throbbed in
thrilled threnodies; never the nation
glorious been assailed —” etc. The peo-
ple like it. Beveridge is a fine-looking
fellow with assurance flowing from every
feature of his face and every one of his
magnificent gestures. Not for him the
merry quip; not for him the quiet argu-
ment; he is ever the professional orator,
self-conscious, serious, and stern, as they
trained them in Indiana colleges twenty
years ago. Nine people out of ten the
country over believe it to be the only real
oratory.

The House of Representatives furnishes
more effective campaigners than come
from any other quarter of public life.

J. Beauchamp Clark ought. to be able
to speak well. He has had _ practise
enough. For years he has been on the
Chautauqua circuit, and he has said every-
thing he knows many hundred times.
When, how, and wherefore he acquired
the curious nasal drawl, the rough-
throated, unarticulated grunt of an utter-
ance, which he now employs, is not re-
corded. Maybe he used it first by way
of acquiring popularity with Missouri
farmers; it is now his habitual manner —
a pure affectation of roughness which
fits very well with the affectation of
homely language which the Speaker em-
ploys when he remembers to. “Champ”
Clark has invented and used another
mannerism which accentuates the char-
acter it pleases him to assume: he purses
his lips and then blows through them
explosively — I don’t know exactly why
that performance marks the honest, out-
spoken man. of the people, but it does.
Clark has the finest head and one of the
most benign and dignified faces in the
whole gallery of American public men,

‘but the character which he chooses to

enact before the public is that of a flat-
headed rustic—for he is careful never
to say anything. To most peopleit ap-
pears as contemptible a part as would
an imitation of the English cockney.
There must, nevertheless, be thousands

who like it, for the Speaker’s popularity
in the Middle West is unquestionable.

Underwood, the House leader, is less
distinguished on the public platform —
and, indeed, on the floor of the House —
than in committee room. A. Mitchell
Palmer, who undertook to wrest from
Colonel Guffy, the Pennsylvania boss,
the control of the Democracy of his state,
is one of the most fervid orators in Con-
gress. Victor Murdock of Kansas is of
the same type — a more popular man than
Palmer; red hair and a perpetual smile
are pleasanter than a Hapsburg jaw.

Martin Littleton is a bright young man
with what old folks would call the gift
of gab. He is ready, confident, speaks
rapidly, smoothly, and to the point, and
when he fires up, which he always does
at the proper moment, he moves easily
to flights of considerable eloquence. In
appearance he is of the type of Bryan,
Bailey,. and Borah — round-headed,
smooth-shaven, robust —and he has the
manner common to those men, but lacks,
somehow, a little background.

Among governors, Mr. Harmon of
Ohio would scarcely claim to be an orator;
he has no voice, no manner, and nothing
to say — on politics, but he does very well
at country picnics, where he talks with
the farmers on farming.

Ex-Governor Folk’s manner is clear,
sharp, and rather business-like. His arm
with forefinger extended is going most
of the time, high in the air when the
sentence is in progress, pointing to the
ground in front of him when the con-
clusion is reached. Mr. Folk has a way
of starting, moving, and getting some-
where. And he takes an audience with
him.

George Fred Williams of Massachusetts
is a master of moral appeal. Clean-cut,
a patrician of sensitive nostril and lifted
chin, Williams doesn’t get very far in an
argument which he intends shall be a pure
intellectual exercise before a sense of the
right and wrong of the matter, as he sees
it, comes over him — and then we listen
to the enthusiasm of the prophet and
preacher. To Williams fell the leadership
of the Democratic party in Massachusetts
on the death of Governor William Russell,

o>

o)>

THE BUREAU OF MUNICIPAL RESEARCH 683

though he had no time to assert himself
before the issue of free silver arose. The
Massachusetts delegation went to the
Chicago convention in 1896 instructed for
the gold standard, but Williams and a
majority repudiated their instruction and
voted for Bryan and a free silver plat-
form. Williams became the nominee for
governor, and the succeeding Gold Demo-
crats nominated Dr. William Everett,
one of the most interesting of amateur
politicians — the dryly humorous head-
master of a boys’ school who went to
Congress and made Ciceronian orations.
In his speech accepting the nomination
for governor, Everett made a_ speech
impaling Williams with classical satire
and copious Latinity.

He began by announcing that he would
read a poem called “The Lost Leader,”
and commenced:

Just for a handful of silver he left us!

Where but in Boston would Browning
be chosen to entertain a nominating
convention?

Mr. Justice Hughes will not again be
heard on political themes. His clear
utterances will be missed. He used to
look as homely as Lincoln as he harangued

a crowd from the back of a train, in a
silk hat that didn’t fit him and a square-
cut coat with skirt too long and sleeves
too short, and with teeth that were drawn
(by artists, not dentists) as often as
Roosevelt’s. But Hughes could “talk.”

No one, though, will be so much missed
this time as Senator Dolliver will be.
Dolliver was just arriving in the rank of
really great leaders; the last two years
of his life saw him emerge — seasoned
old politician that he was, then — into a
new character. Ah! poor Dolliver! He will
not lead in the fight for Progressive states-
manship. But he will be remembered by
those who do. Whois there that, having
heard, can forget the mellow whimsicali-
ties of his early days—the plea, for in-
stance, for the American hog, for whom
he prophesied the coming of the ge-lorious
day when he would make his triumphant
way through all the markets of the
world with a curl of contentment in his
tail and a smile on his oleaginous face!

Alas for Dolliver! As he looks down on
what will be going on this summer he can
only say —as Judge Hoar said when ‘he
was asked if he were going to attend Ben
Butler’s funeral — ‘‘] can’t be there, but
I approve of it.”

THE BUREAU OF MUNICIPAL
RESEARCH

WHAT IT HAS DONE FOR BETTER GOVERNMENT IN NEW YORK CITY

BY

HENRY BRUERE

(JOINT DIRECTOR WITH WILLIAM H. ALLEN AND F. A. CLEVELAND OF THE NEW YORK BUREAU OF MUNICIPAL RESEARCH)

HE New York Bureau of Muni-
cipal Research spends $90,000
annually from the contribu-
tions of citizens in promoting
efficient government. If its
work has been effective, it is because it
does not wage merely a campaign for
economy. It has a definite objective in
mind, namely, to attain efficient city
government. It holds efficient city gov-

ernment the greatest conceivable engine
for obtaining codperative betterment of
living conditions, better health, better
pleasure, better education; and it considers
inefficient or crooked city government the
greatest obstacle to community welfare.

When the Bureau was incorporated,
in May, 1907, its organizers named the
following very definite objects as the
purposes of the Bureau:

ME aI

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Fala 2 bene pea

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684 THE WORLD’S WORK

1. To promote efficient and economical
government.

2. To promote the adoption of scientific
methods of accounting and of reporting the
details of municipal business, with a view to
facilitating the work of public officials.

3. To secure constructive publicity in mat-
ters pertaining to municipal problems.

4. To collect, to classify, to analyze, to
correlate, to interpret, and to publish facts as
to the administration of municipal government.

What has New York done to promote
efficient government? How has it gone
about it? The story covers only a few
years and centres around an unprecedented
period of constructive codperation between
public officials and citizens.

In six years New York citizens have
given convincing evidence of their interest
in the promotion of efficient city govern-
ment by contributing upward of $400,000
to support the New York City work of the
Bureau of Municipal Research in promo-
ting progressive and efficient administra-
tion of public business.

In addition to the $400,000 for New
York City work, $200,000 has been pro-
vided for training men for service in gov-
ernmental fields; a fund of $30,000 has been
established by ex-Comptroller Metz to
assist the cities of the country outside of
New York in adopting efficiency methods;
and $300,000 has been contributed for
municipal research work in Chicago,
Cincinnati, Philadelphia, Hoboken, St.
Louis, and Memphis by the citizens of
those communities. The determination
of citizens to energize and modernize city
government has never before been given
such practical expression.

An insignificant part of the great fund
contributed for this work has been ex-
pended in calling attention to official
wrongdoing. By far the greater portion
of it has been devoted to the employment
of experts who have been assigned to co-
Operate with progressive officials in elimi-
nating waste and establishing order in
city management.

Results obtained in New York, where
the work has been longest in progress are
typical of those achieved in other cities.
Most far-reaching among progressive steps
taken has been the clarification of the

city’s budget and. its conversion from an
instrument giving license to official ex-
travagance and waste into an instrument
expressing a city programme of service
and placing: upon officials the obligation
of demonstrating results for money ex-
pended in accordance with precise and
unequivocal terms of appropriation.

The new conception of the city budget
is succinctly stated in an analysis of the
departmental estimates of the city of
Philadelphia, prepared coéperatively by
the Philadelphia and the New York
Bureaus of Municipal Research for Mayor
Blankenberg. This document, which
will serve as a model form of budget for
American cities of whatever size, states
the main purposes of the city budget to
be: To set forth a community service pro-
gramme to citizens and officials alike; to
compel consideration by appropriating
bodies of the budget as a whole, in place
of consideration of isolated and unrelated
appropriation items; to lay the basis for
citizen and executive control over depart-
mental activities, and to furnish the means
for checking expenditures against definite
authorizations to expend.

Besides instituting a budget-making
system New York holds a_ yearly
budget exhibit to show just what is being
done. First a private undertaking, for
the past two years it has been made offi-
cial. This exhibit conveys to a citizen in
attractive and easily understood form a
concrete idea of what his government is
doing — information which no amount of
official documents could succeed in com-
municating to him. Hundreds of thousands
of people visit the exhibit; study charts
of organization, announcements of work
intended, reports of results accomplished,
tables of expenditures and estimates; and
examine the instruments employed by de-
partments in performing their work—learn-
ing, in short, what it is that their govern-
ment undertakes in their behalf. During
the month in which the exhibit is held,
heads of departments daily address large
audiences regarding the work with which
they are charged, and newspapers, often
interested merely in governmental scandal
or official personalities, print hundreds
of columns of news regarding the concrete

ai

ai*

THE BUREAU OF MUNICIPAL RESEARCH 685

problems with which these officials have
to do. The budget exhibit is the most
effective instrument anywhere devised
for democratizing information on city
business.

In six years New York City has closed
a wide gap formerly existing between
governmental business methods and the
methods of efficient private business. Its
accounting methods in 1911 are as efficient
and modern as those of any great privately
managed undertaking. Before reorgan-
ization, however, the city had no means
of learning its assets nor did it ever know
what were its existing liabilities. Money
once authorized was money forever lost
sight of, whether expended or not. Asa
by-product of accounting reorganization,
the comptroller recently “discovered”
$10,000,000 in unexpended balances of
ancient appropriations, against which
there were no outstanding liabilities, yet
balances had been carried for years as
definite commitments for which city cash
was held in reserve. For example, the
city has been paying interest on $146,000,
the cash balance of a sum set aside in 1894
to buy parks. In eighteen years the city
has paid out in interest on this money
needlessly borrowed upward of one-half
of the amount of the principal. Inthe
future, this condition cannot arise again,
because, automatically, unexpended ap-
propriations will be closed out at the end
of the year when all liabilities, under
the reorganized methods, will be shown
against them on the city’s books of ac-
counts.

From reorganizing the methods of the
water register’s bureau, which now collects
$13,000,000 annually from the sale of
water, $2,000,000 a year has been added
to the city’s income.

Despite the fact that New York City
buys $20,000,000 of supplies a year, trades-
men of standing did not seek its business
because shiftless city purchasing methods
invited exploitation, and because the city
neglected to pay its bills often until months
after goods were consumed. By bringing
purchases under control at the moment
that orders are issued to vendors instead of
only when bills are submitted, the city
has been enabled to adopt an auditing

system which compels department heads
to forward claims for prompt settlement.

To make the honest tradesman’s position
as advantageous as that of a political con-
tractor, New York is substituting definite,
precise specifications for no specifications
or preferential description of goods re-
quired. Since 1910 an official standard-
ization commission, equipped with a
technical staff and a testing laboratory,
has been studying the city’s supply needs,
determining those best suited to its uses
and preparing precise specifications which
will indicate what the city wants in a
definite and understandable manner to
vendors, and enable purchasing agents
and auditors to check with precision goods
delivered against goods asked for.

Standardization of supplies helps offi-
cials in positions of control to prevent the
purchase of extravagant or unnecessary
items and to require, for example, the
purchase of coal by heating units content
instead of by weight, and to prevent one
department from buying tons of meat cut
ready “for the table” while another prac-
tices the wise economy of buying large
quantities in carcass form.

Cost accounting, efficiency records,
standardization of salaries so that com-
pensation will match work done and not
respond to political pull and favoritism,
are some of the many other constructive
efforts now being put forth by New York
City officials in codperation with citizens
organized to promote efficiency.

As a result of six years’ intensive, non-
partisan work, new standards have been
erected in New York City by which official
performance is judged. Borough Presi-
dent McAneny, succeeding John F. Ahearn
as president of the Borough of Manhattan,
is securing through efficient management
double tne results achieved under Mr.
Ahearn at less expenditure. Yet the
general public is more sensitive to the
slighteSt evidence of bad service in any of
the bureaus under Mr. McAneny’s juris-
diction than they ever were to the grossly
unsatisfactory service given by Mr.
Ahearn.

While New York has been systematizing
its business, it has been broadening its
social programme. During the last six

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686 THE WORLD’S WORK

years New York City’s Health Department,
with citizen codperation, has launched and
put into execution an active programme
of tuberculosis prevention; has organized
a bureau of child hygiene for promoting
the health of infants and school children
which serves as a model for the country.
During the time that Comptroller Pren-
dergast has been pushing to completion
the business reorganization of the finances
of the city of New York, he has conducted
an extensive inquiry into the problems of
dependency among New York City’s chil-
dren. Learning that the city, through
private agencies to which it makes regular
payments, cares for 20,000 children com-
mitted for delinquency or dependency,
he set out to find whether this dependency
is inevitable or may be forestalled by
proper governmental action. His con-
cern for economy, therefore, has not only
related to economy in expenditure, but
has directed itself toward preventing the
costly causes of family breakups and
poverty leading to juvenile dependency,
and toward finding out how the codpera-
tive strength of the city government can
prevent misery and destitution.

At last New York City is conceiving
of health work as an aggressive, persistent
effort to save life and to give health to its
citizens. But not until 1o11 did the
health department apply to New York
City’s health problem the simple fact
that pure milk combined with the teach-
ing of mothers easily prevents infant
slaughter in the summer months. Last
year, by providing milk stations where
infants can be brought for examination,
where mothers can be taught to care for
them, and where suitable pure milk can
be provided, the health commissioner
claims a saving of 1,100 infant lives in
six months. By not taking these simple
measures years ago, untold thousands
of lives have been needlessly lost. Other
branches of health department work are
progressively aiming toward prevention.
Prevention implies a community standard
of health to be achieved or protected.

With regard to the increasing enthusi-
asm of citizens to promote governmental
efficiency, Mr. R. W. Fulton Cutting,
New York’s most conspicuous worker for

good government, founder of the Bureau
of Municipal Research, in addressing re-
cently an audience of New York City’s
leading business and financial men, said:

We are living in a generous age. Never
before, perhaps, in history, has the government
so largely exercised its own resources and
employed its own powers to grapple with our
great problems, these great social problems
that concern us. The fraternal spirit is in
the air, and we must not dare to manacle that
spirit by any unwise consideration of the incon-
siderate tax-payer. We want a great deal
better education than we have. We want
better service in our municipal hospitals. We
want better houses, better methods in our
battle with tuberculosis.

New York’s civic wants are the wants
of practically every large city in America.
New York’s leadership affects in greater
or less degree every one of these cities.
It has intimately affected Philadelphia,
Cincinnati, and Chicago, where city
officials are adopting efficiency methods
and citizens are supporting active bureaus
of municipal research or efficiency.

But even with the great progress that
has been achieved, the work has only been
begun. No future administration of New
York City will find it desirable or profit-
able to undo the constructive work of the
past two years. But until new ideals and
standards are irrevocably fastened on the
city government, continuous interest and
active codperation of citizens to compel
the continuance of progress will be re-
quired in New York, as in every other
American city. Costly delay in achiev-
ing governmental improvement now re-
sults from the isolation of effort in different
cities. Work done for four or five cities
by local bureaus of municipal research
should be done for all the cities of the
nation by a National Bureau of Municipal
Research. By means of a national agency,
publicly or privately supported, equipped
to give information of best practices
evolved in any city, and to help in system-
atizing and energizing city government,
America should be able, in ten years, to
convert its municipal government from a
national embarrassment into its most con-
spicuous national achievement.

aie

WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH
OUR BANKS?

WHAT A COMMERCIAL BANK SHOULD BE.

THE ALDRICH BANK PLAN

THE MONEY TRUST AND THE REMEDY

N THE panic years, 1907 and 1908,
thousands of business men all over
the country came face to face with a
new and startling commercial peril.
The heart of the business world, the
banks, failed in its function. Men who,
all through their business lives, had carried
on their activities freely and without
reserve on their credits at the banks,
found themselves suddenly paralyzed.

From that day to this, a hundred pre-
scriptions, nostrums, and panaceas have
been discovered and invented to prevent
a recurrence of the malady. Worst of all,
many of the best and strongest of the
leaders of business have undertaken to
eliminate as far as possible the credit
function of their banks. Several hun-
dreds of millions of dollars have been
raised by manufacturers and merchants
by the sale of permanent bonds and stocks,
so that they will never again be caught
in a crisis dependent upon money bor-
rowed from the banks.

Beyond this heroic expedient of sub-
stitution, real efforts are making to mend
the offending organ itself. The Aldrich
Plan, unfortunately so called, is the most
complete alleged panacea so far adduced.

Its purpose, in a phrase, is to fix a rate
of discount and enable the associated
banks to keep the rate down to that
point and pour out money to prevent
another case of heart failure by printing
and circulating fiat money whenever it
is needed badly enough.

Every man in business faces this same
danger and this same problem. All men
know that something must be done.

What must we do to insure the business
world against a second and a _ worse
collapse?

The first step, undoubtedly, is to correct
some of the serious tendencies in the
banking world itself, revealed in full in
1907. Therefore, the first thing to dis-
cover is what a commerical bank ought
to do, how it ought to do it, and the steps
it may take to that end.

The first article on this subject, there-
fore, is a revised article written by Mr.
Joseph B. Martindale, for the Bankers’
Convention of i911. It is the opinion
of the president of one of our most
successful commercial banks as to what
such a bank should be and do to discharge
its obligations to the people whose de-
posits make it a bank.

WHAT A COMMERCIAL BANK SHOULD BE

BY

JOSEPH B. MARTINDALE

(PRESIDENT OF THE CHEMICAL NATIONAL BANK, NEW YORK)

LL my business life has been
spent with a purely commer-
cial bank, so I, naturally,
look upon banking from that
standpoint. The bank with

which I have had the honor of being
connected for many years numbers among

its depositors individuals, firms, and cor-
porations in practically every line of
mercantile and commercial life, and our
dealers are located in every important
distributing centre of this country. By
reason of this, we believe we are in a
position to form an estimate of the re-

CS!

TET EINE RL!

688

quirements of the mercantile interests
of the country, and we endeavor to meet
them in a spirit of fairness and liberality.

As most of the loans and discounts of a
bank of this character are made simply
on the promise of the borrower to pay,
on his unsecured note, it is vitally essential
that the management have a_ proper
organizatior. to watch that credit.

The affairs of a bank should not be
permitted to rest in the hands of one or
two men. In our institution, the more
knowledge the other officers and senior
clerks have of the bank’s affairs, the
better it pleases our management and
the better the results attained thereby for
the bank. Experience has taught me
that a broad policy of educating your
best men and developing them gradually
to accept greater responsibilities brings
good results in the present time and
insures for the institution a good equip-
ment for the future. I have watched
this policy of development very closely
with a great deal of satisfaction, and,
little by little, our men are growing up to
accept and handle responsibilities satis-
factorily, which means much for the
continuation of the success of the insti-
tution.

It is, also, of the greatest importance
to commercial banks that their most vital
department —the credit department—
should be very efficient indeed. Men
should be selected when they are young
fellows for appointment in the credit de-
partment, should be schooled and drilled,
and as they develop they should relieve the
officers of the institution of a great deal
of detail. The officer whose final “yes”
or “no” means a profit or a loss for the
bank should not be tied down to different
analyses, which can be handled by younger
men when they have had a sufficient
amount of instruction and training. Some
men have a natural aptitude for studying
and analyzing credits both from a
theoretical and practical standpoint, just
as other men have natural aptitudes for
the sciences and professions.

After some years of experience, | am
free to say that the personal equation has
a great influence upon an officer of an
institution in making his decision, and

THE WORLD’S WORK

determining whether to say “yes” or
“no” to a proposition. There is some-
thing about every man’s personality that
affects the man with whom he comes in
contact, and no one, in my opinion, no
matter how strong his own personality
may be, is free from this influence to a
greater or less extent. Sometimes we
are woefully deceived in personalities,
and it is well always (and we have prac-
tised it for a long time past) to have the
credit department analyze carefully from
a purely impersonal and_ cold-blooded
standpoint the statements filed, eliminat-
ing entirely the personal element.

Some of the best talkers and some of
the most attractive personalities are the
poorest business men; and against these
men the impersonal analysis is the best
protection.

In making investments for one’s bank,
or loans for one’s institution, we all
should realize that we are simply the
trustees of other people’s money, and,
such being the case, we cannot take too
much care in handling these funds. If
it were our own money, it would be
entirely different, and we might, out of
sympathy for a fellow, or because we
liked his attractive personality, indulge
ourselves in this way, but, as we all are
simply holding in trust money deposited
with us by our dealers, and the money
invested by our stockholders, we must,
in order to be true to that trust, use
every precaution and every device and
system that has practically demonstrated
itself to be a safeguard.

A number of incidents have come under
my own observation in recent years,
where matters which looked trifling (but
which were found to be very important
later on) have caused us to exercise caution,
and thereby avoid losses. To be prac-
tical, rather than to generalize, | have
always claimed that, under normal busi-
ness conditions a stated amount of capi-
tal (borrowed as well as invested) should
allow a concern in any line of business to
carry a certain amount of merchandise.
This merchandise later is converted into
bills and accounts receivable; later on
into cash; and upon these transactions,
subject to the charges of conducting the

‘

ai?

WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH OUR BANKS?

business, there should be realized a cer-
tain amount of net profit. All of these
items in a well-organized and well con-
ducted business should be in relative
proportion, one to the other. And if the
best results are to be attained, the manage-
ment of any concern will see to it that
each dollar of its capital carries its pro-
portion of merchandise, and will also see
to it that the merchandise is moved rapidly
and converted into a bill or account
receivable; and that its outstanding debts
are promptly collected, and that its cash
is used to reduce materially, or entirely
liquidate, its indebtedness, thereby saving
interest and expense. We have in a
number of instances followed this natural
sequence in business, and have found any
number of instances where each dollar
of capital (invested or borrowed) was not
performing its full duty, and following
the matter still further, we found it due
to either extraordinary expenses, or losses,
or due to indolence and a lack of an
aggressive policy in handling the affairs
of the concern. These are “ear-marks”’
which will denote a condition of this kind,
and we believe that it is our duty to ex-
amine these conditions thoroughly.

As an illustration of this, some years
ago, a certain firm reported in their state-
ment an invested capital almost equal to
the amount of its annual sales. At the
same time, their statement showed a
substantial liability for borrowed money.
It seemed incredible that a working capital
invested and borrowed of more than the
amount of the annual sales could be cor-
rect, but that is what this report showed.
Upon closer analysis and further informa-
tion, it was found that in the accounts
receivable of the firm, there were many
old accounts running years back, which
they were carrying as good accounts,
and also substantial sums due the firm
from the partners, which were, in other
words, overdrafts. When the statement
was all boiled down, it was found that
their actual capital was less than one-half
that reported in their statement. These
are the “ear-marks’’ which, upon close
observation and the knowledge of credit,
prove invaluable to one’s institution

It is vitally important in examining

689

and passing upon a statement, that one
should be thoroughly familiar with the
conditions surrounding the business dur-
ing the year. Conditions may have made
it impossible for any concern to make
money, and where a concern reports a
gain in its capital, one owes it to himself
and to his institution to inquire thoroughly
and closely as to the causes which pro-
duced such a result when all the con-
ditions were adverse.

As an example, we have the accounts
of a number of houses in the same interior
city in identically the same line of business,
and while the amount of their capital
varies (and, consequently, their volume
of business), we can each year, by working
out the percentages, see which concern
is obtaining the best results upon its
volume of business and the amount of
its capital.

It was the practice of banks years ago
to loan money without receiving state-
ments, whereas now the custom of filing
statements is almost universal.

Some people may think this is inquisi-
torial, but where a bank is loaning money
upon the unsecured obligation of any
concern, it is perfectly within the right
of the bank officer to request (not out of
curiosity or in an arbitrary spirit) the
fullest details of the concern’s affairs.
This information, of course, is absolutely
confidential, and no bank officer, who
realizes the confidential relations that
exist between a depositor and a bank,
will ever divulge to any one such informa-
tion furnished him in the strictest con-
fidence.

Furthermore I have always believed
that an independent audit by a firm of
certified public accountants is desirable.
And from the standpoints both of the
borrower and the lender it is wise at least
once a year to have the affairs of a firm
or corporation examined and audited by
a high-class firm of auditors.

A. striking illustration of this was
brought to my attention some years ago
and while there was no loss entailed to the
creditors, the outcome was very dis-
astrous to the firm itself. An old-estab-
lished firm of excellent standing and
reputation carried two bank accounts

a

690 THE WORLD’S WORK

the monthly trial balances are prepared
by accountants, who spend from a day to
three days each month in going over the

and in addition sold its paper in the open
market through brokers. It rendered
statements annually ,to its banks and to
the brokers. The firm through whom it
sold its paper, in verifying the statement
(as is the custom), found that two items,
the amount of cash on hand, and the
amount of bills payable for borrowed
money, did not agree with the facts as
shown by the banks’ records. This dis-
crepancy was called to the attention of
the senior member of the firm, and his
explanation was as follows:

He formerly had been bookkeeper and
cashier for a number of years for a firm
which preceded his own firm, and it had
always been the custom of the old firm in
rendering a statement to its banks to
deduct from the amount of the bills pay-
able for borrowed money a large per-
centage of the cash they had on hand.
In other words, the old firm took the
position that, having a large amount of
cash on hand and in bank, they (the firm)
were justified in applying a large per-
centage (about 90 per cent.) of the cash
on hand as an offset to the amount of
money they were owing at the time they
made their statement. This, of course,
was entirely wrong, though it was not done
with any object to deceive either the
banks or the note-brokers. But after
it became known, the firm could not sell
its paper in the open market. The result
was liquidation. Though the creditors
were all paid in full, much of the business
of the firm drifted into other hands.
This incident not only proves conclusively
to the mind of the banker the necessity
for an exact statement of the actual con-
dition of the business, but it also is a
strong argument for an independent audit
of accounts.

An independent audit conveys to the
lender of money the knowledge that the
affairs of the firm or corporation, whose
paper he is considering, have been ex-
amined by a disinterested party of experi-
ence and standing, and that, as a result,
the figures submitted are unbiased. This
custom is becoming, one might say,
universal. We now have any number of

statements prepared by accountants each
year, and we know of many instances where

previous month’s business. At the end
of the firm’s or corporation’s fiscal year,
these accountants have an _ inventory
prepared under their own supervision,
value the stock of merchandise themselves,
audit the books thoroughly for the full
year, and prepare an unprejudiced state-~
ment of the concern’s affairs.

| think it is advisable for every large
bank to have one or more of the members
of its credit department a thoroughly
equipped auditor. In a number of in-
stances we have been called upon to go
over the books of some of our clients
and have sent one of our own employees
to do so, with satisfactory results.

On the other hand it goes without
saying that there are cases where some of
the very best concerns of this country
have never made, and will never make,
detailed statements of their affairs. These
are the exceptions, however, and these
exceptions should not be used as an argu-
ment against the desirability of obtaining
very close data regarding all the nec-
essary items that go to make up a com-
plete statement of a firm or corporation.

We have always taken the stand that,
where a concern is selling its paper through
brokers, or borrowing of its banks, it
should settle its merchandise obligations
in the shortest possible time, and obtain
the very best biscounts for so doing. It
certainly is not good business procedure
for a firm to borrow money and then allow
its bills to run to maturity, and in some
instances past maturity. It has been our
practice for many years to make trade
investigations and revise our reports every
six months or every year, at least; and
if we learn, as the result of these inquiries,
that our borrowers are not taking ad-
vantage of the best trade discounts, we
bring it to their attention immediately.

In safe-guarding investments it is de-
sirable that banks in the same city and
neighboring cities should exchange in-
formation to the fullest extent. There
have been very few instances where we
have had any occasion to regret that we
have been perfectly frank and open in

WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH OUR BANKS? 691

answering the inquiries we receive daily
and almost hourly from our friends in
New York and elsewhere, giving them the
result of our experience in handling any
of our accounts. This is of vital import-
ance to all concerned, and it is our earnest
hope that this free interchange of opinions
will continue to expand.

I think that credit is too easily obtained
in this country, for, while I appreciate
that the development and expansion of
the country depends on the free extension
of credit, my observation has taught me
to believe that one of the cheapest instru-
ments of commerce in the United States
to-day is credit. We are all apt to grant
credit too liberally. This applies to the
banks as well as to our friends, the note
brokers, but I am constrained to call
attention to the fact that many small
houses are borrowing money in the open
market to-day through brokers, who, by
reason of the limited amount of their
capital and volume of business, are not
warranted in so doing. The danger to the
man with a moderate capital is that he
regards this money which he has borrowed
as permanent working capital, which
encourages him to inflate his business
beyond prudent and safe lines, and,
suddenly, when disturbances in the busi-
ness world occur, or panic arises, he finds
himself far from shore, with his obligations
for borrowed money maturing and with
no facilities to meet them. It always
occurs at such times that his collections
are slow, and, naturally, he finds himself
in a quandary. We have seen so many
instances of this nature in our own ex-
perience that we cannot too strongly
urge the necessity for care and conserva-
tism. I would suggest also that the banks
and the note brokers work closely together,
for equal benefits are to be derived in a
free interchange of views, experiences, and
ideas. We have found it so in our own
case, and we believe that this relation
is becoming’closer each year.

In investing the funds of a bank, one’s
first thought is safety, but it is equally
important to invest the funds in flexible
assets, and, in my opinion, there is no
class of investments superior to a mer-
chant’s note of undoubted standing and

responsibility, The panic of 1907 and
its aftermath, with the small percentage
of commercial failures and the gradual
but steady liquidation which has taken
place from that time up to the present
time, prove conclusively that this class
of investments, if examined thoroughly:
and selected carefully, is an ideal one.

I do not mean by this that it is possible
to invest your funds for all time in com-
mercial paper without sumetime facing
a loss, but the experience of the last
three years and the information derived
from a study of the statements received
during that period show how gradually
but steadily our manufacturers and mer-
chants have been able to reduce their
liabilities through corresponding reductions
either in the amount of their merchandise
or in the amount of their bills and accounts
receivable, without serious result to them-
selves or to their creditors. Looking at
the matter from the standpoint of a com-
mercial banker, | think you will all agree
with me that a short-time obligation is
preferable to a long-time obligation.

Bearing upon this matter of flexibility,
] am constrained to mention the fact that,
from the standpoint of good banking, it
is not in the province of any bank to
furnish permanent working capital for
any one of its depositors. A bank whose
liabilities are all payable on demand
should observe closely the well-established
rule that its borrowers should at some-
time during each twelve months liquidate
their indebtedness to the bank for a reason-
able period of time. In my opinion, this
is neither unjust nor arbitrary, and is
dictated by well demonstrated and sound
banking and business logic.

I am constrained to mention briefly
how important the matter of the invest-
ment of a bank’s funds in commercial
paper is to the business interests of this
country, and how vital it is to the develop-
ment of the country. Such a large per-
centage of our commercial business is
conducted upon borrowed capital that,
if our country is to reach its greatest
development, it is essential that banks
in all parts of the country should be in
a position to handle the means for expan-
sion understandingly and safely.

HOW TO GET RID OF FLIES

THE WAY THEY “SWAT” THEM IN TOPEKA AND ORDER OUT THE BOY SCOUTS TO
SLAUGHTER THEM — HOW THEY TRAP THEM IN WILMINGTON

BY

FRANK PARKER STOCKBRIDGE

HE war on the house fly will
share with the Presidential
campaign the interest and
activities of the American peo-
ple for the next few months.

Somewhere in the neighborhood of a
billion flies were killed in the various cam-
paigns of 1911 and filthy breeding places
were cleaned up that, if left alone, would
have insured the propagation of additional
uncounted billions. The summer of 1912
will not see the extermination of the
species. But if the plans of national,
state, and local civic organizations and
health departments are only half carried
out, the outlook for the fly crop of 1913
will be very much less encouraging — to
the fly.

It has taken a surprisingly short time
for the public to grasp the idea that the
fly is the most dangerous wild animal of
the North American continent. It has
taken a still shorter time for this con-
ception of the fly as an important factor
in the national death rate to translate
itself into effective action. A dozen years
ago only a few scientists recognized the
fly as a disease carrier. Its habits and
life history were almost unknown. The
question, “Where do all the flies come
from?” was regarded as an unimportant
and somewhat humorous riddle, like
“Where do all the pins gor” About
the beginning of the twentieth century
scientists began to ask the question
seriously.

What the inquirers found startled the
public. Early investigations under the
direction of Edward Hatch, Jr., then
connected with the Merchants’ Association
of New York, proved that one of the fly’s
favorite breeding places was in the sewage
and filth deposited along the river front
by the tide. Dr. D. D. Jackson found

the germs of typhoid and other diseases
on the feet and bodies of practically every
fly trapped on the recreation piers. Dr.
L. O. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of
Entomology of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, directed investiga-
tions which proved the affinity of the fly
with filth — that it prefers as its habitat
and the nursery for its young the filthy
stable or outhouse, the garbage can, or
the dirty corner under the kitchen sink.
Dr. Howard proposed the name “typhoid
fly’’ — a suggestion that caught the popu-
lar fancy and aided in fixing the insect’s
proper status. Then Dr. S. J. Crumbine,
Secretary of the Kansas State Board of
Health, came along with his epigrammatic
injunction, “Swat the fly!” and the
campaign was on.

In the spring of 1911 one of the Boy
Scouts at Weir, Kans., suggested that
his organization might be of service in
distributing some of Doctor Crumbine’s
fly posters. This poster, by the way, has
been found one of the most effective
means of educating the public to the
danger of the fly.. The border design,
originated by the Florida State Board of
Health and adopted by many others,
depicts the progress of the fly from all
sorts of filthy places to the dinner-table,
the cream-pitcher, the sick-room and
the baby’s nursing-bottle, while the
“House Fly Catechism” that goes with
it is admirably calculated to arouse hostile
emotions toward the fly.

Doctor Crumbine was quick to see
possibilities in the Boy Scouts. He sug-
gested a plan for a general town clean-up
in Weir, to be undertaken and managed
entirely by them. Then, through the
Rev. Walter Burr, of Olathe, Scout Master
for that district, he enlisted the Scout
orgat.izations throughout the state.

we

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DON'T ALLOW FLIES IN YOUR HOUSE.

DON'T PERMIT THEM NEAR YOUR FOOD—ESPECIALLY MILK.
DON'T BUY FOODSTUFFS WHERE FLIES ARE TOLERATED.
DON'T EAT WHERE FLIES HAVE ACCESS TO THE FOOD.

Flies are the most dangerous insects known to man

Flies are the filthiest of all vermin. They are born in filth, live on filth and
carry filth around with them. They are maggots before they are flies.

Flies are known to be carriers of millions of death-dealing disease germs.
They leave some of these germs wherever they alight.

Flies may infect the food you eat. They come to your kitchen or to your dining
table, fresh from the privy vault, from the garbage box, from the manure
pile, from the cuspidor, from decaying animal or vegetable matter, or from
the contagious sick room with this sort of filth on their feet and in their
bodies, and they deposit it on your food, and YOU DO swallow filth from
privy vaults, etc., etc., if you eat food that has come in contact with flies.

Flies may infect you with tuberculosis, typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria,
and other infectious diseases. They have the habit of feasting on tubercu-
losis sputum and other discharges of those sick with these diseases, and
then go direct to your food, to your drink, to the lips of your sleeping child,
or perhaps to a smal! open wound on your hands or face. When germs are
deposited in milk they multiply very fast; therefore milk should never be
exposed to flies.

What To Do To Get Rid of Flies.

Screen your windows and doors. Oo it early before fly time and keep screens
up until snow falls.

Screen all food, especially milk. Do nof eat food that has been in contact with flies.

Screen the baby's bed and keep flies away from the baby's bottle, the baby’s
food and the baby’s “comforter”

aa flies away from the sick, especially those ill with typhoid fever, scarlet
ever. diphtheria and tuberculosis. Screen the patient's bed. Kill every fly
that enters the sick room. tmmediately disinfect and dispose of all discharges.

Catch the flies as fast as they appear. Use liquid poisons, sticky fly papers
and traps.

Place either of these fly poisons in shallow dishes throughout the house:
(a) Two teaspoontuls of formaldehyde to a pint of water, er
(b) One dram of bichromate of potash dissolved in two ounces of water,

sweetened with plenty of sugar.

To quickly clear rooms of flies, burn pyrethrum powder or blow powdered black
flag into the air of the recom with a powder blower. This causes flies to fall
to the floor in stunned condition. They must then be gathered up and destroyed.

Eliminate the Breeding Places of Flies.

Sprinkle chloride of lime or kerosene over contents of privy vaults and garbage
boxes. Keep garbage receptacles tightly covered, clean the cans every day,
the boxes every week. Keep the ground around garbage boxes clean.

Sprinkle chloride of lime over manure piles, old paper, old straw and other
refuse of like nature. Keep manure in screened pit or vault if possible.
Manure should be removed at least every week.

Pour kerosene into the drains. Keep sewerage system in good order, repair all
leaks immediately

Clean cuspidors every day. Keep 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid in them
all the time. Get rid of sawdust boxes used as cuspidors — destroy them—
they're insanitary.

Don't allow dirt to accumulate in corners, behind doors, back of radiators,
under stoves, etc.

Allow no decaying matter of any sort to accumulate on or near your premises.

FLIES IN THE HOME INDICATE A CARELESS HOUSEKEEPER.
REMEMBER: NO DIRT—NO FLIES.

iF THERE 1S A NUISANCE IN THE NE . NOTIFY

JAM ES H. WALLIS, “Tiana
BOISE, IDAHO.

(BORDER ILLUSTRATION ADOPTED FROM FLORIDA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH POSTER )

ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE MEANS OF EDUCATING

A REALISTIC ILLUSTRATION OF THE PROGRESS OF THE FLY FROM HIS

THE PUBLIC

DINNER TABLE TO OURS

604

The plan adopted by the Boy Scouts
of Weir and followed elsewhere was simple
and effective. The boys divided the
city into districts and themselves into
squads, each covering a district. Then,
upon a given day, after wide publicity
through the local papers, they set about
cleaning up the town. The city authori-
ties had given them permission to haul
away the rubbish and garbage. They
went at it systematically. There was the
rake brigade, the gunny sack brigade,
and the hauling brigade, with a corps of
officers to see that things worked smoothly.
Their preliminary “scouting” had shown
them just where to go — and they cleaned
the town. In the evening a dinner was
served to the Scouts by the town fathers
and mothers and every indication pointed
to a very thorough arousing of the public
conscience on the fly question.

The Boy Scouts were not content to
let the matter rest there. On their own
initiative they bought wire screening,
persuaded a local druggist to give them
some wooden yard sticks that he had been
using for advertising purposes, and with
these materials constructed “swatters”
which they distributed without charge,
two to every house in the city. Then
they went to the Commercial Club and
obtained funds for building a large num-
ber of fly traps, which were placed about
the streets.

Even then the Scouts were not satisfied.
Doctor Crumbine in his tentative pro-
gramme had suggested that they might
try to get Weir to adopt the State Health
Board’s model anti-fly ordinance, which
requires the removal of all refuse at least
once every ten days from April to Novem-
ber, and that every repository of filth in
which the flies might breed be made fly-
proof. The Boy Scouts took this sugges-
tion as seriously as any of the others.
They wrote “compositions” telling why
the ordinance should be adopted, then
appeared before the city council and
read their arguments. The council acted
favorably without delay. The city of
Weir now boasts itself the cleanest city
in America, but Olathe and many other
Kansas municipalities are not far behind
it, thanks to the Boy Scouts, and the

THE WORLD’S WORK

youngsters of Weir have planned an even
more thorough-going campaign for 1912.

One of the most successful anti-fly
campaigns of 1911 was that conducted
in Washington, D. C., under the direction
of a leading newspaper, the Fvening Star,
with the codperation of the local Health
Department, the Associated Charities,
and a few public-spirited business men.
More than five thousand boys and girls
took part in a two-weeks’ fly-catching
campaign which resulted in the destruc-
tion of more than seven million flies and in
developing many valuable methods and
devices for their extermination. The
immediate stimulus was the prize-money
offered by the Star — $100 in all, ranging
from a first prize of $25 down to twenty
prizes of $1 each.

Paper boxes in which to place the dead
flies were furnished free by a local box
maker. The Associated Charities opened
its branch offices as receiving stations.
A local transfer company gave the use of
a wagon for bringing boxes of flies to the
Health Department, where each con-
testant’s daily catch was credited to the
youthful sportsman whose name appeared
on the box. The flies were counted by
measure — 1,600 to a gill. Flies could be
killed for contest purposes in any manner
except by sticky fly paper. The con-
ditions and suggestions as to how to make
large catches were published daily in the
Star for a week before the opening of the
contest on July 24th. The scores of the
ten highest competitors were published
daily, with notes of interest from the
children as to the methods they found
successful.

The power of codperative effort, the
value of organized and systematic methods,
and the advantage of an early start were
all demonstrated in the success of Layton
H. Burdette, the thirteen year old boy
who won the first prize of $25 with a total
catch of 343,800 flies. Young Burdette
had laid his plans carefully. He formed
a company of twenty-five young adven-
turers to go after the first prize on a profit-
sharing basis. The Burdette Fly Com-
pany, operating in the section known as
Georgetown, distanced all competitors by
almost 150,000 flies.

HOW TO GET RID OF FLIES

Traps, “swatters,” and poisons were
all used by young Burdette and his asso-
ciates. One squad took charge of the
traps and another of the poison devices,
while all were armed with “swatters”
which they found, on the whole, the most
effective means of bringing down the game.
Nor were their traps and poison dishes
placed haphazard. Proprietors of meat
markets, grocery stores, fruit stands,
candy shops, and other places to which
flies are naturally attracted, readily gave
permission to the young adventurers to
place their traps on the premises. The
most efficient trap proved to be one of
young Burdette’s own invention. It con-
sisted of a simple cone of wire gauze
tacked to a wooden base containing a
hole about three inches in diameter, the
whole mounted on supports that raised
the trap a half an inch above the surface
on which it was placed. The lower part
of the cone was covered with black cloth.
There was a poisoned bait and the flies,
entering, climbed upward toward the
light. Very few flies once in a Bur-
dette trap escaped. The boys watched
and tended their traps as carefully as if
they were Hudson Bay fur-hunters. Many
of the other contestants used boiling
water to kill the trapped flies, but the
Burdette Fly Company discovered that
a wet fly does not occupy as much space
as a dry one — and the flies were counted
by bulk measure. So they used sulphur
fumes to put their prey in condition for
market.

Various forms of bait were tested. The
Agricultural Department recommended
bread saturated with milk. Doctor
Murray suggested sweetened water in-
stead of the milk and this was demon-
strated to be more efficient. An ordinary
flour and water paste was used with suc-
cess by many of the contestants, and one
small colored boy found a dead crab to be
particularly attractive to the flies. The
best place to set a trap was found to
be neither in the sunshine nor in a deep
shadow, but in a shady place close to
bright sunshine. One boy invented an
elaborate trap that electrocuted every
fly approaching the bait.

Besides ridding the city of some

695

7,000,000 flies, the contest gave the city
Health Department a valuable key to the
sections which required special attention
from a sanitary viewpoint. Records of
the contestants were kept on cards, which
were Classified by districts, those in which
the most flies were caught being the
neighborhoods where filth was most likely
to be found —for the house fly breeds
only in filth and, unless driven by the
wind, seldom travels more than 1,500
feet from the place where it was hatched.

This year the Star opened its campaign
in February with 150 children enlisted.
The necessity for making the campaign
complete to the point of utter extermina-
tion was impressed on Washingtonians
by statistics published during the contest
by Doctor Howard of the Bureau of
Entomology. He pointed out that in
the climate of Washington twelve genera-
tions of flies are produced in a single
summer. As one fly will lay 120 eggs,
the result, if all of these should hatch and
reproduce their kind in like ratio, would
be appalling. The progression carried out
by raising 120 to the twelfth power gives a
total possible progeny from a single fly
of 1,096,181,249,310,720,000,000,000,000.
And as each female fly usually lays four
batches of eggs, their unchecked develop-
ment through twelve generations would
make a mass of flies that would measure
268,778,165,861 cubic miles, or consider-
ably more than the total mass of the
earth. Such figures as these are calcu-
lated to emphasize the necessity of not
stopping when only 7,000,000 flies have
been killed. As a matter of actual ex-
perience and observation it is estimated
that from each pair of flies surviving the
winter some 8,000,000 living insects are
propagated during the summer.

Some of the most effective campaigns
against the fly have been conducted by
women’s organizations. The Women’s
Municipal League of Boston started in
I9iI a campaign, largely educational,
which gives a promise of eventual good
results. Under the direction of Mrs.
Robert S. Bradley, Chairman of the
Sanitation Department, a large poster
was prepared illustrating the life of the
fly, telling how it is propagated and how

696 THE WORLD’S WORK

Please kill that Fly!

Why?
Because:--
1. Flies breed in manure and other filth.

2. Flies walk arid feed on excreta and sputa from
people ill with typhoid fever, tuberculosis, diarrhoeal
affections, and many other diseases.

3. One fly can carry and may deposit on our food
6,000,000 bacteria.

4. One fly in one summer may produce normally
195,312,500,000,000,000 descendants.

5. A fly is an enemy to health,—the health of our
children, the health of our community!

A fly cannot develop from the egg in less than 8
days; therefore, if we clean up everything thoroughly
every week, and keep all manure screened, there need
be no flies.

Women's Municipal League of Boston.

Will you help in the campaign against this pest ?
THE BOSTON METHOD

CARRIED ON BY THE WOMEN’S MUNICIPAL
LEAGUE; WHICH, THOUGH NOT
VERY SPECTACULAR, IS NONE
THE LESS EFFECTIVE

it carries disease, with brief instructions
for getting rid of it. These instructions,
prepared by Prof. C. T. Brues of Harvard
University, are so concise and complete
that they are worth reproducing:

HOW TO GET RID OF HOUSE FLIES
All garbage and horse manure from stables
should be always kept covered and’ removed
once each week in summer, and all houses,
yards and alleys kept free from filth.

Persuade your neighbors to take care of |

their refuse.
To thus deprive flies of their breeding places
is the best way to get rid of them.

- All houses and stores where food is exposed
for sale should be thoroughly protected by
screens, and any stray flies should be caught
upon sticky fly paper, trapped, or poisoned.

The careless and dirty storekeeper must be
controlled by public opinion; otherwise he will
allow flies to infect the food he sells and continue
to distribute disease germs among hiscustomers.”

Several thousands of these posters were
placed in various parts of the city. Mem-
bers of the League visited the public and
private stables and urged the use of dis-
infectants to prevent flies from breeding
in the refuse. Most of the stable owners
agreed to codperate and experiments were
made with various disinfecting compounds.
Those having pyroligneous acid as a base

were found to be the most efficient. The
League found also that condensed milk
with tomato ketchup made an efficient
bait for fly-traps. Small hand bills and
pamphlets were distributed in large quanti-
ties and a very appreciable diminution
in the number of flies was noted before
the end of the summer. No effort has
been made in Boston to inaugurate a
“swatting” campaign, but the Women’s
League is continuing its work in 1912 on
the same plan of destroying the breeding
grounds of the insect. “One who permits
flies to breed on his premises is to that
extent himself a dangerous member of
society,” is the phrase by which the
League is trying to arouse Boston to
united action.

The Women’s Civic League of Balti-
more also conducted, in 1911, an effective
anti-fly campaign, with the codperation
of the Baltimore Sun. Prizes were offered
to children for killing flies, and ten cents
a quart was paid for all flies brought in.
Fly traps were distributed to the con-
testants. The Boy Scouts of Baltimore,
like those of Kansas, went into the work
enthusiastically. The Children’s Play-
ground Association and the Infant Mor-
tality Association gave assistance. The
Police and Health Departments also
codperated. The contest lasted fifteen
days from the latter part of July to early

THREE DANGEROVS TOVGAS
& DEADLY TRIO

HOW THEY DO IT IN THE SOUTH

THE GRAPHIC WARNING OF THE MISSISSIPPI
HEALTH BOARD

AOS Tae FO

Te See Ne Se, ee RSS Ge

—

HOW TO GET RID OF FLIES 697

August, and something more than
8,000,000 flies were killed. The actual
count was 640 quarts, or about eight
barrels of flies, which measure approxi-
mately 12,800 to the quart. After the
contest was officially closed many of the
children kept their fly traps in commission
— including the ingenious young lady of
eight who reported that her baby sister
was the best bait for flies she had found.

Perhaps the most effective of the anti-
fly campaigns of 1911 was that in Wilming-
ton, N. C., conducted by Dr. Charles T.
Nesbitt, Health Officer of that city.
Certainly it is the most complete cam-
paign that has been carried on entirely
at public expense. Typhoid fever has
long been epidemic in Wilmington. Doc-
tor Nesbitt observed that the annual
outbreak of the disease coincided very
closely with the maturity of the first
spring crop of flies. The city was full of
breeding places for the insects. The
sanitary conditions under which a large
proportion of the population lived were
of the most appallingly primitive nature.
A quick survey showed that there was too
much filth to be carted away at any
reasonable expense. Doctor Nesbitt de-
cided to disinfect the entire town and
keep it so thoroughly disinfected that the
flies would become discouraged and give
up the attempt to propagate their kind.
A suitable and cheap disinfectant was
found in pyroligneous acid, a by-product
of the distillation of turpentine.

Doctor Nesbitt began, not merely a
war on the fly, but a general massacre.
Carts, containing barrels of pyroligneous
acid stationed at street corners, furnished
bases of operation for men armed with
sprinkling cans who poured the acid over
practically every square inch of Wilming-
ton. There were the usual objections
from “conservative” citizens who main-
tained the right of the individual to do as
he pleased on his own premises, but the
work went on and between June 8th and
July 17th the entire city had been sprinkled
four times. The interesting and instruc-
tive lesson from this clean-up is found in
the daily record of typhoid cases. Be-
ginning with one case reported on June
Ist, it reached a maximum on June 15th

of ten cases reported in a single day.
After June 23rd, four days after the second
disinfection was completed, the number
of new cases reported began to diminish
until only five new cases in all appeared
after July 1oth, although the fourth dis-
infection of the town had not then been
begun.

| have described the Kansas, Washing-
ton, Boston, Baltimore, and Wilmington
campaigns at some length because they
are typical of methods of fly-fighting that
have proved more or less successful.
There are very few states and cities,
however, in which some effort has not been
directed against the fly. In most cases
this has been through publications, pla-
cards, and similar educational means.

ama

MODERN SLAUGHTER OF THE INNOCENTS

A MAGNIFIED WING SHOWING SPECKS OF DIRT WHICH
THE FLY SHEDS OVER THE NIPPLE OF THE
BABY’S BOTTLE

One of the most valuable of these
publications is a leaflet prepared by
Dr. W. E. Britton of the Connecticut
Agricultural Experiment Station. Doctor
Britton, incidentally, made an _ investi-
gation in 1909 into the source of flies
in certain Connecticut towns and_ traced
them to the carloads of stable manure
which are shipped to farmers from New
York City. In four ounces of this
refuse he found more than seven hun-
dred fly maggots. For destroying flies,
Doctor Britton recommends a 5 per
cent. solution of formalin in water. ex-
posed in a shallow dish, which has been

608

found an attractive and effective poison.
The burning in a closed room of pyrethrum
or “Persian insect powder,” provided it
is pure and fresh, as well as traps, sticky
fly paper, and wire “swatters,’’ are also
recommended.

In Delaware, although the state authori-
ties have ignored the fly pest, an anti-
fly campaign was inaugurated in the city
of Wilmington in the summer of 1911.
A very efficient educational campaign has
been conducted by the Indiana State
Board of Health. Anti-fly publicity mat-
ter has been furnished to the newspapers;
posters have been widely distributed;
the traveling exhibit of the department
carries special anti-fly cartoons, charts,

WASHINGTON’S CHAMPION FLY KILLER

LAYTON H. BURDETTE WHO, BY MEANS OF HIS FLY TRAP
AND OTHER METHODS, CAUGHT 343,000 FLIES AND
WON THE $25 CONTEST PRIZE OFFERED IN
IQ11 BY THE WASHINGTON “STAR”

and banners; and lecturers that accompany
the exhibit give stereopticon and moving-
picture entertainments in which the fly
menace is emphasized. An anti-fly health
ordinance promulgated by the department
has been adopted in many municipalities.
It provides for a fine of from five to fifty
dollars for any person maintaining on his
premises any filth in which flies may breed.

Both the Illinois State Health Depart-
ment and the Health Department of

THE WORLD’S WORK

Chicago have issued pamphlets on the
fly. Pamphlets are also circulated by the
lowa State Board of Health, the Maryland
Agricultural Experiment Station, and the
North Dakota, New York, Ohio, Pennsyl-
vania, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia,
Vermont, Wisconsin, and California State
Health Departments. In Idaho, James
H. Wallis, State Dairy, Food, and Sani-
tary Inspector, has been active in dis-
tributing pamphlets and posters and in
urging local authorities to clean up. A
clever and effective circular is Mr. Wallis’s
widely-circulated pamphlet, “The Auto-
biography of a Fly.” The Michigan
Department of Health posts a striking
placard in hotels, restaurants, and other
public places. The headline, “Flies
Poison Food,” can be read across a large
room. The Maine State Board of Health
is circulating an anti-fly circular among
school children. The Minnesota Health
Department maintains a traveling exhibit
which keeps up a continuous anti-fly
propaganda. The Mississippi Health
Board puts its warning against the fly in
the form of a cartoon entitled, “Three
Dangerous Toughs,” the other two being
the mosquito and the whisky bottle.
In Oregon the Board of Health began an
extensive anti-fly campaign in 1911,
arranging illustrated lectures in various
cities and enlisting women’s clubs, con-
sumers’ leagues, and other civic organiza-
tions, with the result of arousing a great
deal of public interest. The North Caro-
lina Board of Health circulates a con-
densed “Fly Catechism” which originated
with the Indianapolis Health Department.

“Either man must kill the fly or the
fly will kill the man,” is the warning of the
Utah Board of Health. The Vermont
Board of Health, working through local
officers, requires the enforcement of sani-
tary anti-fly measures.

Asheville, N. C., has a Board of Health
which claims in its publications that
the fly has been practically exterminated
through the enforcement of its anti-fly
ordinance, the first adopted in any city.
The Health Department of the North
Carolina Federation of Women’s Clubs
is carrying on a state-wide anti-fly cam-
paign at its own expense.

[Pte CD FD

we Ne fw

HOW TO GET RID OF FLIES 699

Berkeley, Cal. has been largely freed of
flies through campaigns conducted by
Dr. W. B. Herms, of the University of
California.

One of the most effective anti-fly cam-
paigns was conducted in Worcester, Mass.,
from June 22 to July 12, 1911. Ten
barrels of flies were killed. The winner
of the $100 prize, a boy of twelve, turned
in 95 quarts, approximately 1,219,000
flies, captured in traps of his own con-
struction. The interest of Worcester has
been largely stimulated by Dr. Clifton
F. Hodge, Professor of Biology at Clark

habits of the fly and the effort to enforce
ordinances requiring food supplies to be
kept covered.

Besides the newspapers already men-
tioned, many others have taken an active
part in local fly campaigns. Coéperating
with the Minneapolis Health Depart-
ment, the 7ribune of that city inaugu-
rated very successful anti-fly movements
in 1910 and 1911. ‘The newspaper offered
prizes ranging from $50 to $100 for dead
flies, and in the two seasons about 12,000,-
000 were destroyed. A similar campaign
is being planned for 1912. It was found

COUNTING FLIES
DR. ARTHUR L. MURRAY OF THE HEALTH DEPARTMENT MEASURING THEM,

“STAR'S”

University, who has devised a number of
simple but effective fly traps. His experi-
ments have apparently demonstrated the
possibility of completely exterminating
the fly by traps and the screening or dis-
infecting of all places where they might
breed. The Cleveland Board of Health
conducted an extensive campaign of pub-
licity against the fly in 1911, and the New
York City Health Department has for
several years carried on a continuous
campaign of education through public
lectures, posters, and exhibitions of moving
pictures and lantern slides showing the

1,600 TO THE GILL, FOR THE

CONTEST WHICH RID WASHINGTON OF 7,000,000 FLIES

in Minneapolis that traps were more
effective than either poison or “swatters.”

The San Antonio Express conducted
a fly-killing competition early in 1911. A
million and a quarter flies were killed by
contestants for a $10 prize, the winner
bagging 484,320. The Houston Post, the
Manchester (N. H.) Union, the Kansas
City Star, the Milwaukee Sentinel, and the
Charleston (W. Va.) Gazette, have also
carried on active anti-fly campaigns in
their own communities. Screening of all
business places and large public fly-traps
set at the curb in the business district

By special permission of the National Geographic Magazine Copyright, 1910

FEMALE HOUSE FLY RESTING ON GLASS AND SEEN FROM ABOVE

WHOSE POSSIBLE PROGENY IN A SEASON IS 1,096,181,249,320,720,000,000,000,000, FLIES,
ENOUGH TO MAKE A MASS MEASURING 268,778,165,861 CUBIC MILES,
OR MORE THAN THE TOTAL MASS OF THE EARTH

By special permission of the National Geographic Magazine Copyright, 1910

MALE HOUSE FLY RESTING ON GLASS AND SEEN FROM BELOW
SHOWING THE SIX MUSCULAR LEGS, AT THE END OF EACH OF WHICH ARE TWO CLAWS
AND TWO STICKY PADS TO WHICH GERMS AND SPORES ADHERE AND
ARE THUS CARRIED FROM PLACE TO PLACE

702

almost completely rid the city of Blue
Earth, Minn. of flies in 1911.

The fly nuisance, however, is by no
means a distinctly urban one. There
is hardly a corner of the country that is
free from it. In eastern Washington,
where a general typhoid campaign in
North Yakima included a very complete
anti-fly crusade, some very large catches
were made on ranches remote from the
city. In connection with a_ general
clean-up, large fly traps were found to be
very efficient and many ranchers used

THE WORLD’S WORK

can be done. The meat hung in the sun
provides a splendid place for the fly to
lay its eggs and becomes infested with
maggots before it can dry.

Local campaigns against the fly are
only incidents in a national warfare, of
which the educational phase is well under
way. The United States Department
of Agriculture, through its Farmers’ Bulle-
tins and other publications, is bringing
the peril of the fly home to millions. The
American Civic Association, through its
fly committee, headed by Mr. Edward

MORE DEADLY THAN

BULLETS

THE HOUSE FLY WITH A CAPACITY FOR CARRYING 6,000,000 BACTERIA AT ONCE FROM PUTRIFYING
MATTER TO THE FOOD ON THE TABLE, DESTROYS EVERY YEAR MORE
PEOPLE THAN ARE KILLED IN BATTLE

’

them. “It is no exaggeration,” says Dr.
Eugene R. Kelley, Health Commissioner
of Washington, “to say that even on
the ranches they collected often as high
as a bushel and a half of flies in three or
four days.” Not many years ago one
could camp almost anywhere in the West
or Southwest, without being bothered by
flies. The white pioneer, like the Indian
before him, found no difficulty in pre-
serving meat by drying it in the sun —
the “jerked beef”’ of the frontier. To-day
there are very few sections where this

Hatch, Jr., is codperating with “litera-
ture” and the personal efforts of its
thousands of members in encouraging
local campaigns. Possibly the most valu-
able service that Mr. Hatch, a pioneer
in the movement, has rendered since his
original study of the fly as a carrier of
disease, is the “Fly Pest” moving picture
film. This remarkable film, made in
England at Mr. Hatch’s direction, shows
the development of the fly from the egg
to maturity and conveys the lesson of its
danger and general nastiness in a manner

¢”

HOW TO GET RID OF FLIES

A LUMP OF SUGAR

ONE FLY ON
WHICH IN A SINGLE SEASON PRODUCES TWELVE GEN-
ERATIONS OF WHICH 8,000,000 FLIES
NORMALLY SURVIVE

so graphic that it reaches the under-
standing even of the smallest children.
It has been shown in about 2,100 moving
picture theatres to audiences totalling
more than 1,250,000 persons. It is in
use by a dozen or more state and local
boards of health and educational insti-
tutions and can be bought or rented at a
very low rate by any one interested.

The indictment of the fly is not a
difficult one to draw up nor is it neces-
sary to resort to technicalities to obtain a
conviction. And it ought to be obvious
that the toleration of the fly in any com-
munity is an indictment of its people —
proof positive of a low order of general
intelligence and civic spirit.

The crusade — for in the truest sense
of the word this battle with the fly is a
holy war — has been well begun. I have
tried to make it clear that it is not im-
possible nor even very difficult to exter-
minate the fly. All that is necessary is
o “clean up.”

It is not necessary to wait until the
automobile shall have completely dis-
placed the horse if only a little care is
exercised wherever horses are kept, for
they provide the principal breeding places
for the fly. Screening and disinfectants
— pyroligneous acid, kerosene, chloride
of lime — used liberally around stables
will go far to exterminate the fly.
Sewerage systems so arranged that the

793

sewage is not exposed to the open air,
and in their absence the screening and
disinfection of all receptacles of filth and
offal will go still farther. And when we
add to these the burning of all garbage
and similar refuse, the maintenance of
sanitary conditions in kitchens, bake-
shops, markets, and places where food is
kept generally, and when we have trained
the children to fear the fly as they would
a rattlesnake, the battle will have been
won.

All that is required is initiative — there
is no obstacle in the way but indifference.
The fly, almost alone among the public
enemies, has no friends. There are no
“interests” back of the house fly. He
is not useful even for fish bait. One may
totally reject the germ theory of disease
and still agree that the fly is a pest and
should be destroyed. Flies are not kept
as pets, so there is no sentimental outcry
against their wholesale destruction. Even
the S. P. C. A. regards them as outlaws.
And the experience of 1911 has demon-
strated not only that a very small prize
will insure the death of a very large num-
ber of flies but that the new patriotism
which the work calls forth is in itself a
sufficient inspiration and stimulus.

Asa _ nation we have always been par-
tial to “slogans.”” Doctor Crumbine has
given us a new one that is fast becoming
a national battle-cry:

“Swat the fly!”

THE BREEDING PLACE OF FLIES

EGGS HATCHING ON A PILE OF FILTH, THE ELIMINA-
TION OF WHICH FROM CITY STREETS, FROM STA-
BLES, BACK YARDS, ETC., WOULD ENTIRELY
DO AWAY WITH THE FLY PEST

MISS FELICE LYNE
THE YOUNG AMERICAN SOPRANO, WHOSE REMARKABLE TRIUMPH AS GILDA IN “‘ RIGOLETTO” IN
THE HAMMERSTEIN OPERA HOUSE IN LONDON WAS FOLLOWED, ON FEBRUARY
4TH, BY AN EVEN GREATER SUCCESS IN THE ALBERT HALL

¢

A PRIMA DONNA AT TWENTY

A NEW GREAT AMERICAN SINGER-——-HER TRIUMPHS ABROAD AND AT HOME
—THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HER SUCCESS

OST New York opera goers

remember that they heard a

little girl singing the part

of Lisbeth two years ago in

“ Hans the Flute-player,” and

most of them will recall with pleasure that

they remarked to their husbands or to

their daughters or to whomever it was

they happened to have been sitting with,

“A remarkable, strong, true voice to come

from such a little body,” or they will dis-

tinctly recall exclaiming “A real artist,

and pretty and slender at the same time!”

But one ventures to guess that not many

of them remembered, after they left the

opera house, that the little singer’s name
was Felice Lyne.

Be that as it may, however, there is no
good American now who is guilty of such
ignorance; for when, early in the winter,
Miss Lyne made her début in the intricate
role of Gilda in Rigoletto, and set all
London talking, the news was speedily
flashed to this country too, and set all New
York talking, and all Boston and Chicago
and San Francisco. Everybody on this
side of the water was glad that it was
given to an American to save Mr. Hammer-
stein’s invasion of London from failure
—for it was generally believed that a
real miracle was necessary to save it.

Miss Lyne’s successes have not been
confined to the Hammerstein Opera House.
On February 4th, she sang in the Albert
Hall, and in this larger atmosphere the
little American won an even greater tri-
umph than had come her way before. A
huge audience gave her twelve recalls;
and the occurrence was recorded as one of
the very greatest successes in the history
of that famous concert hall.

Miss Lyne was born just twenty years
ago in Missouri. Her parents are now
living very simply and plainly in Allen-
town, Pa.

Five years ago, when she was fifteen

years old, she began to sing a few simple
ballads. The next year she began train-
ing her voice, and by September, 1907,
she was in Paris, where she stayed three
years. Her rendering of Lisbeth in “Hans
the Flute Player,” in New York, was her
first real work on the stage, and with this
experience she returned to Paris to perfect
herself in the prima donna rdles, in which
she captivated the London opera goers.
Her voice is rich and full-toned, and her
small stature — she weighs only a hundred
pounds — especially adapts her for most
of her characters.

Perhaps the most remarkable thing
about her success is the tremendous
amount of work that she has done in the
four years from the time she first arrived
in Paris. To become familiar with in-
strumental music, to learn the French and
Italian languages, and to perfect fifteen
prima donna parts while mastering one
of the most difficult arts in the world, is
a tremendous task, for the most robust
woman, and a marvel for a girl to ac-
complish between sixteen and twenty
years of age.

Miss Lyne’s success comes at an oppor-
tune moment to swell the steacily growing
list of American singers of the first rank. -
Madame Eames, of Philadelphia, was one
of the first American women to take her
place among the internationally recog-
nized interpreters of the world’s great
music. Madame Nordica, of Maine,
joined her in this group of famous singers.
Madame Schumann-Heink became Ameri-
can by adoption — and named one of her
sons George Washington in token of her
naturalization. Mr. Richard Martin, of
Kentucky, is included in the brief list of
the greatest living tenors. Miss Lyne,
of Missouri, is the last to join the com-
pany of these great voices. Her success
is another bit of evidence of a real growth
in American appreciation of music.

CHINA AS A REPUBLIC

THE MOST MOMENTOUS PROBLEM IN GOVERNMENT NOW FACED BY ANY PEOPLE —
THE GREAT FORCES THAT PULL BACK AND THAT PUSH FORWARD

BY

PROFESSOR T. TYENAGA

PROFESSORIAL LECTURER IN POLITICAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, A LEARNED AND SYMPATHETIC STUDENT OF ORIENTAL AFFAIRS

EFORE a stable government is
established in China, many ex-
pected, many more unexpected,
events must occur. No wise
prophet, therefore, will risk his

reputation by prediction about China.
There are, of course, in the midst of the
capricious turns of the kaleidoscope of
fortune, certain fundamental principles
governing the growth of political institu-
tions, from which China cannot free
herself if she would. With these prin-
ciples as his guide, and with a strictly
neutral attitude toward Imperialists and
Republicans, the writer makes here a
modest attempt to weigh the impending
question: Is China ready for a republic?
Although China has been under a
monarchical form of government since
the beginning of its history, that govern-
ment is very different from a consistent,
continuous monarchy, like, for instance,
that of Japan. Over Japan there has
reigned a House unbroken in its lineage
since the foundation of the nation. And
the people in all times have given to the
ruling House the most _ unswerving
allegiance. China, on the other hand,
has had many changes of dynasties. The
House of Chou reigned 800 years, that of
Han 400, that of Tang 300, that of Sung
300, that of Yuan 8o, that of Ming 300.
The House of Ching — the present dynasty
—has already reigned for 267 years.
These changes of dynasties were accepted,
or acquiesced in, by the people on the
ground that the rulers were ordained by
Heaven, that the outgoing House had,
by its misrule, forfeited its sovereign
rights, and that the incoming House,
by dint of wisdom, knowledge, and power
—the emblems of a _ sovereign — had
gained the title of the “Son of Heaven.”

The first three great monarchs of China
were Yao, Choen, and Yu. They were
the philosopher kings, upon whose model
is cast the political system of Confucius.
They are the fixed stars by which all the
succeeding generations of Chinese states-
men have guided the ship of state. When
Wu Ting Fang and his associates demand
the abdication of the boy Emperor Pu-yi,
whatever new and radical ideas they
may have in their heads, they cannot
help harking back to the example of those
ancient sage emperors.

When the Emperor Yao’s reign was
nearing its close, he named as his successor
not his son, but Choen, another sage.
Choen at first declined to accept the offer.
But when he saw the lords and commons
shouting their acclamations, not to the
son of Yao but to himself; Choen finally
ascended the throne, exclaiming, “It is
Heaven who appoints me.”

The Emperor Choen followed the same
course, and bequeathed the crown to
Yu, another sage. The nomination, of
a king by the acclamation of the people,
is, in principle, not many miles apart from
that of the election of a president by
the votes of the people. In later history
hereditary succession became the rule, and
the mode of nominating an emperor by
public acclamation was seldom resorted to.
But the principle that the king is for the
people, that his tenure of office rests upon
the performance of the kingly virtues
with which he has been commissioned by
Heaven to rule, and that he who oppresses
by tyranny brings down upon himself
the penalty of dethronement or death
—all this was never lost sight of. For
this reason “China has, not inaptly, been
described as a democracy living under a
theocracy.” In such a country, it might

CHINA AS A REPUBLIC

be urged that the replacement of a Mon-
archy with a Republic is not an impossible
task.

No class of hereditary aristocracy, as
that of England or Japan, existed in
China, with the exceptions of a few
princes of the Imperial blood, the descen-
dants of Confucius, and those of the states-
men who crushed the Taiping Rebellion.
The rulers, the so-called mandarins, from
the highest to the humblest district
officers, are democratic in origin. They
too have had to pass that portal of com-
petitive examination which is equally
open to all. In fact, the great sustain-
ing principle of the Chinese State is
singularly like that of the American
democracy. There is no position under
“the Son of Heaven” to which men of
the humblest origin may not aspire, or
which from time to time they have not
reached.

The extraordinary duration and sta-
bility of the Chinese nation must have
depended largely upon its remarkable
self-governing capacity. The germ cell
of China’s political organism is the family.
Upon this base is built up the edifice of
the State. As each family is governed
in accordance with its own immemorial
customs, so each village, a composite
of families, is governed likewise by its
headman and elders. A number of vil-
lages and towns grouped together make
a district, which is the unit of the Chinese
administrative system. At its head is the
Chib-hsien, or district magistrate, who
combines in his person various function-
aries of a modern municipality. But
most of the business of the district is con-
ducted by its elders and headmen nomi-
nated by the Chib-hsien. A group of dis-
tricts forms a prefecture, whose head is
the Chi-fu, or prefect. All these admin-
istrative divisions combined constitute
a province, which is under a governor.
Some provinces are grouped together
under a _ governor-general or viceroy.
But every village, every district, every
province, every viceroyalty, is self-
contained and autonomous.

Over this structure of state is super-
imposed the Imperial Government of
Peking. Its motto, however, has been,

797

“let well enough alone.” It was satis-
fied when the contributions allotted to
each province were forthcoming, when
peace and order reigned within them. So
it will be observed that the chief difference
between the Chinese system of local
government and that of the United States
is that in China all local officers, from the
Chih-hsien to the viceroy, are appointed,
and degraded, directly or indirectly, by
the Throne, not by the people. Even
this distinction, however, loses its sharp-
ness when it is remembered that public
opinion in China, rudely expressed as
it was, often forced the Throne to remove
and replace the unpopular official.

Another fact that illustrates the strik-
ing development of the Chinese self-
governing instinct is in their power of
combination, seen in the organization of
their secret societies. China is honey-
combed with these secret societies.
The seventeen most prominent. ones
have a membership of more than six
millions. And if the article written by a
revolutionist, published in the Chugat
Shogyo of Japan, November, 19i1, can
be relied upon, it seems that it has been
through the agency of these societies that
the present revolution was begun and
has been engineered. And herein is the
very explanation of the marvelous swift-
ness of the movement which has. sur-
prised the Western critics. The plans of
the conflagration had already been mapped
out. It needed but a match to set the fire
ablaze.

Another element in the social and com-
mercial life that demonstrates the co-
hesive power of the Chinese is their
guild system. It is this that upholds
their commercial integrity. These guilds,
long before the advent of postal and bank-
ing systems, had carried on the operations
of letter exchange, money orders, and
banking.

Briefly then, it seems likely that China,
because of her talent and experience in
self-government, would have no trouble
in setting up republican government in
her separate states. “The real difficulty
begins,” as Archibald Colquhoun, in the
Fortnightly Review of December, 1911,
points out, “when we try to provide

708
the connecting link to federate these states
into a homogeneous whole.”’

I]

When we turn to the other side of the
question, however, we at once discover
that all is by no means smooth sailing.
The leaders of the revolution are indeed
confronted with tremendous problems:

1. Can the monarchical idea in China
be wiped out of existence or replaced by
the republican idea without disrupting
the nation?

For centuries the monarchical idea
has been the dominant principle of China.
Although it is true that China’s imperial
idea was to a certain extent colored with
the democratic, it is a hundred times truer
that the Chinese emperor was not looked
upon by the people from the same stand-
point as a president would be. The
emperor was regarded as_ semi-divine,
the “Son of Heaven,” representing the
Deity and ruling the people in His behalf.
He was the Patriarch of the great patri-
archal state; the Father and High Priest
of the people. In short, the “Son of
Heaven” “was the focussing point in the
social, religious, and political life of China.”

In a delightful grove in the south-
eastern quarter of the Chinese city of
Peking there is an altar, the most remark-
able of its kind in the world. It is the
sacred “Altar of Heaven.” It has no
shrine, no pagoda on the top of it, its
colonnade is formed by the cedars and
cypresses of the grove which surrounds it;
and the dome of this spotless white marble
pedestal is the blue sky. In the centre of
this roofless rotunda there is one marble
slab which is regarded as the centre of
the universe. It was on this central disk
that the emperor has been wont to
prostrate himself to worship the In-
visible Deity under the blue arch of heaven,
and to pray for the welfare of his people.
It was the most solemn and impressive
ceremonial -known in China. It was
symbolical of the trust that the “Son
of Heaven” has received from On High
to rule his people as a father rules his
children.

China is not, as a matter of fact, a reli-
gious nation. Nevertheless, it is worthy

THE WORLD’S WORK

of note that for all her materialism she has
founded her whole philosophy of life
on an ethical or moral basis.. And the
corner stone of the foundation was the
imperial idea. Upon it rests Confucian-
ism, upon which China in turn has rested
for ages. The five relationships of Con-
fucius —the “highest good’’+ of China’s
ethics — i. e., sovereign and subject, father
and son, husband and wife, elder and
junior, and the relation existing between
friends — put the monarchical idea over all.
The moral forces that governed Chinese
society, ensuring peace and order, were
filial piety, loyalty to the sovereign,
reverence for the past, respect for age
and seniority, and faithfulness to one’s
friends. When’ we scrutinize these
principles and compare them with the
Western democratic principles, it becomes
immediately apparent that most of
them are poles apart from those of
the West. Can a national organism
throw away in a day the vital prin-
ciples by which it has lived for centuries,
and at the same instant replace them
with those that are alien? Can a nation
stand such a cataclysm without disruption?

Furthermore, “the root idea of demo-
cratic government is that of individual
responsibility and liberty”; but individ-
ualism is a theory which is entirely foreign
to the Chinese. The unit of Chinese
society is not the individual, but the
family, and it is to be remembered that
the Chinese family includes the dead as
well as the living. It is built upon, and
sustained by, ancestor worship. Can the
theories of individualism grow in such
a soil within a night? I have said that
Chinese society is democratic; but China
has not been democratic in a _ political
sense. Her polity has been monarchical,
and well has it fitted to the genius of
the nation.

Would not disintegration set in if the
chain that links China into a_ whole
were broken? The London Saturday
Review of December 19, 1911, asks
these pertinent questions: “Is it con-
ceivable that Mongolia, Tibet, and Turke-
stan —to say nothing of Manchuria —
would remain members of a state which
had lost the emblem of cohesion implied

CHINA AS A REPUBLIC

in the imperial concept? Or are the
‘United States of China’ to consist of the
eighteen provinces only, and the great
dependencies to be held to their allegiance
by force if they demur? But is it likely
that even the eighteen provinces would
cohere in the absence of the traditional
link? The Cantonese might accept Sun
Yat-sen as president of a republic, but
would the provinces north of the Yangtsze
agree?”’” In face of the common enemy,
the Manchus, and to effect their downfall,
the leaders of the North and South might
hit on a compromise. But how long
would such a patch-work last? These
questions are not easy of solution for the
republicans.

2. The second problem that confronts the
leaders of the revolution is this: Is
China fitted to become a republic?

Montesquieu’s axiom that a big country
is not fit for a republic is inapplicable at
the present day to such a country as the
United States, because the phenomenal
development of the means of communi-
cation has abridged space and time. But
the axiom might easily be applied in the
case of China. The eighteen provinces
alone are enormous, and the means of
communication are extremely poor. The
total mileage of the railroads already built
within the eighteen provinces does not
exceed 2,700. This is only half of the
railroad mileage of Japan, a country that
is not larger than one of the Chinese prov-
inces, Sze-Chuen. The state of Illinois, one
fourth the size of Sze-chuen, has five times
as many railroads as the entire China
proper. It takes from thirty to forty
days to reach Chengtu from Hankow.
A candidate for the presidency of China
might require at least three years for a
campaign tour, if he cared to visit every
important town of the country.

Again, there is a great difference in
speech, characteristics, even customs and
manners, among the Chinese of different
localities. So numerous and_ different
are the languages and dialects spoken
within the confines of the Middle Kingdom
that, as has been humorously said, they
can furnish a new tongue for every day
of the year. A Cantonese cannot under-
stand a Pekingese. To be intelligible to

7°09

one another they must use the Mandarin
dialect or some foreign tongue that is
known to both. Nor are they any too
friendly with one another. “To a native
of Chihli a Cantonese is more a foreigner
than a Manchu.” This illustrates how
extremely provincial the Chinese are.
And there are such contradictions and
inconsistencies in the institutions of dif-
ferent sections of China that a wit has
said, “One never can tell the truth about
China without telling a lie at the same
time.” This lack of homogeneity in
speech, character, and institutions among
the Chinese, is not necessarily an im-
passable barrier to the adoption of a
republic, but must inevitably act as a
great drawback.

3. The third great problem is this: Are
the Chinese prepared to operate a re-
public?

Let us see to what extent China is
provided with some of the indispensable
requisites for the successful working of a
republican form of government.

One of the requisites is a universal
popular press. Within the past decade
newspapers in China have increased with
amazing rapidity. In Peking alone, which
had no papers except the Official Gazette
in 1902, there are to-day sixteen dailies.
Most surprising of all, one of the papers
is edited by a woman! The total number
of dailies, periodicals, and magazines
published in the entire empire is 314.
Since the opening of local assemblies
and the Tzu Cheng Yuan (or Senate),
speeches also have begun to be heard in
the land of Confucius, where public
speaking was heretofore looked upon as
a sure sign of madness, or was considered
at the least bad manners. But, after all,
these are only voices crying in the wilder-
ness. The Chinese press, however strik-
ing its growth, sinks into insignificance
when compared with the 20,500 dailies,
weeklies, and monthlies of the United
States. China is far from being ade-
quately equipped with the organs of
public opinion necessary to run the
machinery of a republican government for
her people, which are five times as numer-
ous as America’s.

Another difficulty in the path of the

i
i
Ni
i
i
f

710 THE WORLD’S WORK

republicans is the extreme poverty of the
Chinese masses. It is not a pleasant
task for a Japanese, whose country itself
is hard pressed by lack of wealth, to point
out the poverty of the Chinese. It
is, nevertheless, true that China’s
millions are to-day barely keeping them-
selves alive. The average wage of a day
laborer is from five to ten cents of
American money. And fortunate would
it be if all China’s workers could get
this pittance. The brilliant author of
“Chinese Characteristics’ is not indul-
ging in witticism when he says, “A
Chinaman with two American dimes per
day coming in will be well fed, well clothed,
well housed, will smoke more opium than
is good for him, and will be able to indulge
in theatre-going and other social extrava-
gances to his heart’s content.”

The Chinese are a hard working people,
skilled in the arts and crafts, and endowed
with remarkable commercial abilities.
Why, then, is this gifted people condemned
to live so close to the edge of mere sub-
sistencerP Their family system has truly
been a snare. The author of “The
Changing Chinese” rightly finds in it the
cause of China’s poverty. And he sees
no hope for the speedy amelioration of
conditions. “Misunderstanding the true
cause of our (Western) success,” writes
Professor Ross, “their naive intellectuals,
who have traveled or studied abroad,
often imagine that a wholesale adoption
of Western methods and _ institutions
would, almost at once, lift their country-
men to the plane of wealth, power, and
popular intelligence, occupied by the
leading peoples of the West. Now, the
fact is that if, by the waving of a wand,
all Chinese could be turned into eager
progressives willing to borrow every good
thing, it’ would still be long before the
individual Chinaman could attain the
efficiency, comfort, and social and political
value of the West European or American.
; It may easily take the rest of
this century to overcome ancestor wor-
ship, early marriage, the passion for big
families, and the inferior position of the
wife.” This able writer may have taken
a too <listant view, but it is certain that
much time is needed to bring about that

material well-being of the Chinese which
will place the individual in a position fit
to exercise the responsibilities imposed
on him by a republican government.
It might, then, be interesting to see
what proportion of the people has received
modern training.

The latest statistics compiled by the
Ministry of Education of China give
1,626,720 as the number of students in
52,650 Government schools of the empire,
besides 102,000 in christian schools. These
include the students of common schools.
From other sources it is learned that the
Chinese students studying last year in
Europe numbered about 500, those in
the United States 717, and those in Japan
about 1,500, giving a total of 2,717. The
number of Chinese students in Japan
has recently decreased considerably, for
there were at one time more than 8,000.
Estimating most liberally, we may say
that those who have studied abroad
within the last ten years number about
a quarter of a million, and those who have
studied at home and finished their modern
education two millions more. As there are,
however, many who have gained the new
knowledge through translated books, and
especially through the influence of several
thousands of missionaries during many
years past, it is fair to count the so-called
middle or educated class, capable of
running a republic, as numbering five
millions. And as Archibald Colquhoun puts
it: “The proportion of foreign-trained
and educated is a mere drop in the bucket
in the four hundred millions of China’s
estimated population.”” Can that drop
leaven the whole mass? Can a republic
be run by a people of whom but 1 per cent.
is educated in the art of its government?

The writer is not asserting that the
Chinese are an ignorant, illiterate people.
Far from it. They have developed a
wonderful literature of their own, and
the standard of their literacy is not below
that of some modern nations. What he
would emphasize here is the small pro-
portion of those who are versed in the
new learning; and that this is the only
portion which is of any avail in the work-
ing of a republican form of government.
Knowledge of the old literature counts

CHINA AS A REPUBLIC

for nothing in the present instance; but
will rather militate against the diffusion
of republican ideas.

I] am one of those who have a firm faith
in China’s future. As her past has been
glorious, so we expect her future to be
no less great. When we look back upon
the past of this hoary empire, there is
majesty in it that commands respect.
China saw her foundation stone laid
before the pyramids were built. She had
already developed her own civilization,
her admirable ethics, her voluminous
literature, her practical art, with a modi-
cum of science, when the ancestors of
modern Anglo-Saxons were roving with
painted faces in the woods and swamps
of Scandinavia. Years ago China blessed
with the fruits of her civilization the inhab-
itants of the neighboring lands and islands.
Her mighty sceptre often held sway over
almost the whole of Asia, and extended its
authority even to the banks of the Danube.
To her, emissaries of European monarchs
have often done the homage of Kow-tow;
at her feet the Slavs, ancestors of modern
Russians, have knelt as they offered
tribute. During her long life China has
witnessed kingdoms and empires rise and
fall; nation upon nation come into being,
wax, and wane, then disappear. And
still she stands. True, she has seen
many revolutions and changes of dynasties,
and has sometimes bowed to the yoke of
the foreigner, but invariably has she
absorbed the foreign elements into her
own civilization, and obliged them to
observe her traditions. Will history re-
peat itself? Or will China succumb this
time to the impact of ideas so alien, of out-
side influences so overmastering? The
answer to this question depends upon the
time given for the readjustment of China’s
institutions, and upon the wisdom with
which it is utilized.

China ought to have proceeded slowly
and cautiously. Especially as concerns
the change of political institutions. Noth-
ing is more regrettable than that the
blindness and incompetence of the Manchu
rulers should have driven the steady,
conservative people, in order to effect
the overthrow of an alien rule, to adopt
the extreme measure of trying the most

71)

hazardous experiment, one which, if it
fails, will lead the country to disruption,
to anarchy, or to foreign intervention.
When we consider how short has been
the time given for constitutional develop-
ment in China, we are justified in having
grave doubts as to the success of a repub-
lican régime. In Japan, similar in culture
and tradition to China, constitutional
government was the free grant of the
emperor after a long period of national
preparation. Fully twenty years were
devoted to making ready for the new
political institutions. And the success
that has been attained is largely due to
the steadying influence of the Throne.
In China not only is that centripetal
power now lost, but the history of constitu-
tion making has the span of only six years.
It was at the close of the Russo-Japanese
War that the definite movement toward
a constitution began. In December, 1905,
a commission was sent abroad to study
the workings of constitutional govern-
ments. On its return it reported in favor
of granting a constitution. This was
approved by the Empress Dowager. How
sound was that remarkable ruler in her
political perception, is proved by the
part of the edict which said: “At present
no definite plan has been decided upon,
and the people are not educated enough
for a constitution; if we adopt one hastily
and regardless of the circumstances, it
will be nothing more than a paper con-
stitution.”’ So she outlined the necessary
steps which must precede constitutional
government. In 1906, Yuan Shih-kai
gave the representative idea its first test
by organizing a municipal government in
Tientsin. On this model, provincial as-
semblies were formed, and have been
sitting since 1909.

In the meantime the question of a
National Assembly was greatly agitated
until the edict of August, 1908, fixed 1917
as the time for the first summoning of a
parliament. The programme of prepara-
tion for a constitutional régime outlined
by the Empress Dowager was announced
to consist in a reform of the official system,
careful and minute revision of the laws,
the promotion of universal education,
regulation of the finances and sources of

712

revenue, reform of the currency, reorgani-
zation of the army, and the establishment
of an efficient police system throughout
the empire. Only after these reforms,
so indispensable for the successful work-
ing of a constitutional government, had
been. fairly well established, should the
new régime have been inaugurated. But
most of these great reforms remained on
paper; none was executed in earnest.
What only was heeded was the agitation
for the speedy opening of the Parliament,
and the short period of nine years of pre-
paration was in 1910 further shortened to
three. As the embryo of the future
national assembly, the Tzu Cheng Yuan,
composed of 200 members, was organized
and convened in October, 1910. When
it met last year for the second time, while
its members busied themselves in foolish
debate, the fire of revolution broke out at
Wuchang.

Such is the short story of constitution-
making in China. No one who believes
in the evolution of political institutions
will ever be so rash as to affirm that the
Chinese are prepared for a_ republic.
Even were it to be tried, as is likely, to
imagine that it would be operated in
China as it is in America would be to
allow oneself to indulge in the most im-
possible of dreams.

After all the foregoing considerations,
we are led to the conclusion that the-
oretically a limited monarchy, with a
strong central government, capable of
guiding the people, would have been the
best for China. But unfortunately the
day for an academic discussion is past.
We are face to face with practical politics.
Assuming a preference for monarchy in
the abstract, what alternative but the
trial of a republic was there to a dynasty
whose authority had ceased to be? The
downfall of the Ta’Ching Dynasty was
for some time a foregone conclusion. Its
fate was decided when it recalled Yuan
Shih-kai from exile, or, even earlier, at
the death of the Empress Dowager, who
seemed to have had a faint intimation
of “after me the deluge.”’ The fall of the
Manchus is the fault of no one but of
themselves. Had they been able to put
forward another ruler of the capacity and

THE WORLD’S WORK

energy of the Empress Dowager, the old
régime might have had a longer lease of
life. But after her death, not only was
there no one to succeed her, but the
Manchus completely forgot the cause
of their power. It was by military
ascendancy that they were able to conquer
the Middle Kingdom 300 years ago;
and it was by military prestige that a
small number of Manchus had been able
to exact since then the loyalty of
400,000,000 Chinese. By all means, then,
ought the Manchus to have upheld
their authority. Their death-knell was
sounded when they, through the mouth
of the boy emperor, went begging before
the people for the forgiveness of their
past sins, and when, by their making
of Yuan Shih-kai, a Chinese, the master
of the situation, and investing him with
the supreme command of military forces,
they confessed that there was none among
them who could rescue their House from
falling.

If the Manchu régime is extinct, what
next? Whatever the future, there is yet
no Chinese Napoleon, strong and daring
enough to replace the fallen dynasty.
The exit to the dilemma is, in consequence,
only to be found in the trial of a republic.
After all, however, for China it matters
not what kind of label she shall put on
her form of government. The truth
remains — China cannot be metamor-
phosed by a miracle within a twinkling of
theeye. It is against the law of evolution.
A constitutional nation may not be born
in a day. Were this not true, the pages
of history must be blank and science a
lie. We would better close our schools.
We would better bury our scientists alive,
as did the first Unifier of China, the
Builder of her Great Wall, with his 3,000
sages.

In the case of China, just as a republic
is not necessarily the panacea for all
evils, so is an imbecile monarchy to be
condemned. The imperious need for her
is the establishment of a_ strong central
government, whether republican or mon-
archical, which will, with ruthless hand,
give peace, order, and unity to the
distracted country. Cana republic succeed
in doing this, and so justify its existence?

OUR STUPENDOUS YEARLY WASTE

SECOND ARTICLE
THE DEATH TOLL OF INDUSTRY

THE TENS OF THOUSANDS KILLED AND

INJURED BY THE RAILROADS, IN

ACCIDENTS IN COAL MINES, AND BY OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES

FRANK KOESTER

(AUTHOR OF ‘“ HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENTS AND ENGINEERING”’ AND ‘‘ STEAM-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS’’)

NOTHER unnecessary waste
is the wholesale slaughter of
human beings by the rail-
roads and in the industries,
and the vast amount of pre-

ventable injuries, poisoning, and disease,
levying their hourly toll all over the
country.

In the daily battle of transporting itself
about the city of New York, the popu-
lation of that place is reduced by 350 a
year killed and 2700 injured. In other
words, of all those who start out to ride
on any given day, by night one will be
dead and three hurt; the price of inefficient
transporation.

The yearly cost of this inefficiency to
the transportation companies amounts
to about $2,500,000 in damages and
$1,000,000 in legal expenses, while to
the public the cost is vastly greater, since,
of the damages they receive at least half
are consumed in legal expenses, while the
amount recovered in no case amounts to
a very large proportion of the actual loss.
The inefficiency in preventing accidents
and the inefficiency of the method of
adjusting damages thus fasten themselves
on the public in the shape of heavy loss of
life and limb; a loss which, on the part of
the companies, amounts to 9 per cent. of
their running expenses. The maintenance
of a vast horde of lawyers, who otherwise
would be engaged in useful occupations, is
another great drain.

The transportation situation in New
York is duplicated in more or less magni-
tude in cities all over the country.

In railroad transportation and in the

industries, the situation is even more
appalling. In 1910, 8,531 were killed and
102,075 injured, a total ranking with the
great battles of history.

The figures compiled by the Interstate
Commerce Commission, in its Accident
Bulletin, showed 1,058 killed and 14,179
injured in railroads and 7,473 killed and
80,427 injured in the industries.

To illustrate how large a proportion of
this is preventable, the exceptionally
hazardous coal mining industry may be
taken as an example.

A bulletin of the Bureau of Labor, for
September, 1910, shows the casualties for
the 20 year period ending 1908 as follows:

“Among an annual average of 471,145
employees for the 20 year period, there
occurred, as far as officially reported,
29,293 fatal accidents, or an average of
1,465 per annum, resulting in a fatal rate
of 3.11 per 1,000. If the decade ending
with 1906 is separately considered, it
appears that the average fatality rate was
3.13 per 1,000.

“According to statistics,.the risk of
fatal accident in the coal mines of North
America is decidedly more serious than
in any part of any other coal field in the
world. Considering the constant growth
of the mining industry on this continent,
an increase measured by an enhanced
output in the United States alone from
253,741,192 tons in 1899 to 415,842,608
tons in 1908, or 64 per cent., the excess
in the mining fatality rate is plainly a
matter of most serious national concern.

“The accident rate for the North Amer-
ican coal mines has gradually increased

a ms

be esac odao Sane mR Ca sar aN ITPA

eaten oe

714 THE WORLD’S WORK

from an average of 2.66 per 1,000 during
the first five years of the 20 year period to
an average of 3.58 per 1,000 during the last.

“The fluctuations in the rates from year
to year are shown to have been consid-
erable. The maximum was attained in
1907 when the rate reached 4.15 per 1,000
against a minimum in 1897 of 2.32.

“The true elements of risk of coal
mining in North America are not, however,
fully disclosed by the returns for the coal
fields as a whole. More startling con-
ditions exist, if particular coal areas are
considered, for in these the hazards are
much greater, so that if they were reduced
to the general level the rate would fall
quickly.”

The New York Times of September 17,
1911, states, in referring to the mining in-
dustry, including metal as well as coal
mines:

“Thirty thousand miners killed in the
United States in the last ten years.

“Seventy-five thousand miners injured,
many of them maimed for life, in the
same period.

“Eleven thousand widows made by the
deaths of the miners.

“Thirty thousand children left father-
less.

“It is the story of the tragedy of the
mines, but not the whole story. If the
mines of the United States during the ten
years had had the same standards of
safety as in European countries; if the
United States had killed two in every
thousand employed, instead of three, four
or five, 15,000 of the 30,000 of the Amer-
ican miners killed might be living to-day;
40,000 out of the 75,000 injured might
have escaped injury, 5,500 widows might
not have been widows and 15,000 orphan
children might still have fathers.”

In addition to the vast totals of acci-
dents of a sanguinary nature, there is an
enormous loss through poisoning and con-
sequent loss and shortening of the lives
of those engaged in certain occupations.

Among them is the lead industry, con-
cerning which Paul P. Peirce in the North
American Review of October, 1911, in an
article entitled “Industrial Diseases,”
states:

“Lead poisoning was made the chief

objective of the Illinois Commission on
Occupational Diseases. They diseovered,
in that state, twenty-eight industries in
which this form of poisoning is a factor;
but the great majority of cases were
chargeable to five industries, viz: white-
lead manufacturing, lead smelting and
refining, making storage batteries, making
dry colors and paints, and the painters’
trade. The last was found to be numer-
ically the most important lead trade in the
state of Illinois, employing probably
30,000 men.

“In the absence of adequate statistics
and research, the actual amount of sick-
ness and death among the industrial
population must be a matter of scientific
conjecture. With German sickness insur-
ance as a basis, Dr. F. K. Hoffman, of the
Prudential Life Insurance Company, has
attempted an estimate of the amount and
cost of sickness among our industrial
workers in 1910. Placing the number of
persons gainfully employed at 33,500,000
and assuming the same sickness rate as is
found in Germany, he finds that the num-
ber of cases of sickness among these work-
ers last year must have been 13,400,000;
the aggregate number of days of sickness
284,750,000; the loss of wages not less
than $366,107,145; the medical cost
$284,750,000; the loss through change of
workers in industry on account of sickness,
$122,035,715, making a total economic loss
among the industrial class of $772,892,860
for the year. Of this total, German ex-
perience indicates that no less than one-
fourth is due to preventable causes, a
needless loss of $193,223,215. In fact, it
is thought that the sickness rate here is
somewhat higher than in Germany, and
consequently that the above estimates
are too low. Moreover, these figures
take no account of permanent invalidity
and excessive mortality involved in present
industrial conditions; and Doctor Hoffman
places the number of deaths among Amer-
ican wage-earners last year at 330,500, of
which no less than one fourth were clearly
preventable. Nor do any of these figures
take account of the handicap which indus-
trial disease and premature death imposes
upon the posterity of the worker.”

Counting it up in dollars and cents, the

’

OUR STUPENDOUS YEARLY WASTE

Department of Commerce and Labor
shows the losses due to tuberculosis, a
largely preventable disease, the principal
steps in the prevention of which should be
taken by the legislators of the various
states.

“The average length of human life in
different countries varies from less than
twenty-five to more than fifty years.
This span of life is increasing wherever
sanitary science and preventive medicine
is applied. It may be greatly extended.

“Our annual mortality from tubercul-
osis is about 150,000. Stopping three-
fourths of the loss of life from this cause,
and from typhoid and other prevalent
and preventable diseases, would increase
our average length of life over fifteen years.

“There are constantly about 3,000,000
persons seriously ill in the United States,
of whom 500,000 are consumptives. More
than half of this illness is preventable.

“If we count the value of each life lost
as only $1700 and reckon the average earn-
ings lost by illness at $700 per year for
grown men, we find that the economic gain
from mitigation of preventable diseases
in the United- States would exceed
$1,500,000,000 a year. In addition we
would decrease suffering and increase hap-
piness and contentment among the people.
This gain, or the lengthening and strength-
ening of life which it measures, can be
secured through medical investigation
and practice, school and factory hygiene,
restriction of labor by women and chil-
dren, the education of the people in both
public and private hygiene, and through
improving the efficiency of our health
service, municipal, state, and national.”

On the subject of factory sanitation
and labor protection, the Department of
Commerce and Labor says further:

“The miserable hygienic conditions ex-
isting in the working places of some
industries, for example, are unjust to the
working classes, and sometimes react
with frightful results upon the public.
Under the influence of long continued work
under unsanitary conditions, the physiques
of the workmen, and especially those
employed in factories, often show more or
less characteristic marks. The height is
usually below the medium; the body,

715

thin and weak, is poorly nourished and of
sickly paleness. This condition is called
lymphatic or anaemic. The spiritual and
moral life may likewise become inactive
and apathetic. Even the strongest fac-
tory workers under such conditions become
more or less exhausted before they reach
55 or 60 years of age. Often they are
completely wasted and utterly unfit for
work at that age. Many of those who
work in spinning mills, cloth-printing
establishments, and in general plants
where there is an extra high tempera-
ture and lack of pure air are cut off
prematurely.

“Women suffer even more than men
from the stress of such circumstances,
and more readily degenerate. A woman’s
body is unable to withstand strains,
fatigues, and privations as well as a man’s.
This makes her condition all the worse
because her wages are correspondingly
smaller. The diseases which most fre-
quently afflict the working class are a
disturbance of the nutritive and blood-
making processes. Weavers, spinners, and
workmen employed in branches of indus-
try where work is done in close, poorly
ventilated cold or hot rooms, are especially
subject to these diseases.

“Among the diseases to which the
workmen of this class are subjected most
often are the so-called inanition, scrofula,
rachitis, pulmonary consumption, dropsy,
also rheumatic troubles, pleurisy, typhoid
fever, gangrene, and the various skin
diseases.

“Every epidemic, be it typhoid, small-
pox, scarlet fever, dysentery, cholera, etc.,
draws its great army from this class. For
every death that occurs among the richer
and higher classes, there are many in the
working class. It is the workmen en-
gaged in unhealthy factories first of all
who fill the hospitals and their death
chambers. Again, it is more often the
working woman who suffers from female
troubles, and even cancer. The reasons
for the high mortality and shortness of
life among the working class can easily
be perceived from the foregoing facts.
These two evils are always proportionate
to the danger and the unsanitary con-
ditions existing in the industry.”

OO A BMS ERT 0h EE CREB RE Ht OTTO!

EME. SOR A,

TWO VIEWS OF THE ‘“‘BACK TO THE
LAND” MOVEMENT

I. “GO SLOW”

BY

one

AM watching with keen concern, |

may say with distress, this literary,

on paper, “ Back to the Land”’ move-

ment. I am especially interested

because I have done it myself, not
on paper but on the land, and not only
have | done it myself but | have watched
other people do it — middle-class city
folk, like myself, with the standards and
habits of a city-life, average, twentieth
century American standards.

I want to put down here our results,
and I want these results to say to the
school teacher, the tired clerk, the worn-
out lawyer or traveling man, “go slow
—don’t burn your city bridges behind
you, in your ‘Back to the Farm’ stampede.”

Now, understand me distinctly; no-
body believes more than | that country
life breeds the stock that founds a nation
well, but founders are one thing, and
descendants of founders returning to the
soil are another thing. That is the first
thing I wish to make plain: the second
is that what I am about to say may not
apply to the West, but it does apply to
the North Atlantic seaboard.

Now let me give examples, proofs of
what I am saying.

First, I will tell you the experience of a
young college graduate. He had capital
behind him and with it he bought a run-
down New England farm worth $6,000.
He had intelligence, was not afraid of
manual labor, loved the soil as his own
child, and best of all had a good market
a few miles away. He is in his seventh
year on that farm. His farm is now beau-
tiful to look at; it has the cleaned-up
surface, the shining face of efficiency itself:
but he has not yet made it pay. The
process of learning how to farm was ex-

pensive; the process of learning what his
own particular farm was good for was ex-
pensive: the process of restoring the soil —
acres upon acres needing capital in the
form of fertilizer — was very expensive.
But by the tenth year he hopes to get his
farm where it will yield him a living. He
is the most successful city man who has
gone back to the soil that | know. Notice,
however, he had capital to last for ten
years: the obstacle to him has been the
strain from loneliness in winter. For five
years he did not mind it, but since then it
has been a real factor, not in the making
but in the un-making of his nerves. The
manual labor of the summer is tremendous
and leaves him tired and nervous for the
winter strain of loneliness.

Now for a woman’s experience — the
land venture of a tired out social worker
in New York. She was worn out with
the sunless, closetless, heatless, small hall
bedroom of New York. Her health was
giving way under it. She bought a farm
in a verdant New York valley, big rooms,
sunshine, food on every side, for this
farm was in working order; she did not
have to enter on that capital-devouring
process, bringing up the soil. “I have
kept my head above water,” she said,
“but I have done it by taking into my
house two expensive invalids supplied
to me by an expensive New York doctor.
Without boarders I should have long
since gone under.”

Now for my own experience. I went
from a busy city life into the hen business.

We bought 150 splendid pullets, and
from them raised our hennery to 300
hens and pullets. It is more than a
year now since | first owned these hens.
The year has been successful pullet-wise

TWO VIEWS OF THE “BACK TO THE LAND” MOVEMENT

but not money-wise. Our plant cost about
$500. We did not buy but paid rent:
our incubators, run by my brother’s in-
telligence, worked from the start to per-
fection: all but one of our hatches lived
into maturity, and whenever we sold
anything we got a good price; we avoided
rats and foxes or they avoided us, and we
did not have to pay one cent for labor;
we had no devastating diseases. In
short, two intelligent college men were
running these hens and their intelligence
brought success — but it did not bring
money.

The financial statement is this, they
paid for their feed, but taking it all
in all gave us nothing back for capi-
tal invested or for living expenses —
and all this when we did not have to
pay one cent for labor! Fortunately we
had behind us a good angel with a bank
account who did pay our living expenses,
otherwise we should have starved or gone
back to the support of the city. Rumor —
that rife liar — Rumor says 600 hens will
the third or fourth year make a living.
Now my opinion is—and this is the
gist and purport of my article — that
600 hens will not make a living for the tired
social worker, or little school marm, nor yet
for the man behind the counter and the man
behind the desk.

Those 600 hens will, however, make
a living for a certain Pole now working
on a Connecticut Valley farm. His living
is found. During last summer he spent
$3.67. If you are satisfied with a stand-
ard like that buy your farm and go ahead,
but if not, do not buy your farm, for you
will be disappointed.

I wish I were not speaking the truth, but
| am afraid I am speaking the truth.
There is something in the Eastern farm
for the very intelligent boy born on it, and
something for the patched straw-hatted
Pole, Czeck, or Swede who comes on to it,
but for you, the average city worker, there
is nothing but loss. You do not know the
trade; no one can know it in less than ten
years; you are not used to manual labor;
you are not used to loneliness — but even
if you learn the trade and surmount the
labor and the loneliness, the chances are
that you will not make a living suited to

717

your incurable American standards. In
putting your little all into a farm, I beg
of you — “go slow.”

THE WORLD’S WORK’S OPINION

Is there indeed no hope in New England for
the average person who really wants a farm?
Is it fruitless to aim at success on a New
England farmp

There are many experiences that refute the
foregoing — experiences of success. Under fair
conditions, other successes can be attained.
But the conditions are important, and most
important of all—the quality of the person
who does the job.

1. Farming is a business, a good business —
for farmers. The city man who is to succeed
must be or become a farmer, and this involves
temperament, physical strength, executive
ability, business sense, and agricultural knowl-
edge. The actual, practical experience is
important, but secondary. What right has
any one to suppose that the wornout mechanic,
shop clerk, teacher, business man can buy land
and immediately succeed in a business more
complex and exacting, physically and mentally,
than the business he left? For any man, any-
where, it is essential that he read true reports
of farming activities to acquaint himself with
the life it means; that he study the phase of
agriculture that interests him, and from which
he is to derive profit; that he study the locality
in which he will settle; that he see the land and
know its faults and advantages before he buy
it; that he be prepared to spend from three to
ten years in developing the business to profitable
proportions; and that, if possible, he spend
some months at an agricultural school and a
year working on a farm, before he attempt
an independent start.

How well equipped along any one of these
lines was any one of the persons mentioned
above? What could they expect but failure
or delay? To ‘‘go slow” is indeed the vital
advice; did any one of them follow it?

2. Aside from these general rules, New
England exacts other specific conditions. Her
agriculture is that of the relatively small farm;
it is specialized; it calls for additional skill
and careful management.

And soit goes. There zs an agriculture and a
profitable one adapted to New England con-
ditions. But it is by no means a simple matter
of ten acres, or 600 hens, or a neatly kept
farmyard. Study it carefully, discuss it
with men who know, plan your campaign
first and at all times ‘“‘go slow.” But success
awaits a combination of the right man and
sincere, conscientious hard work.

Il. PROSPERITY ON A RENTED FARM IN IOWA

BY
RICHARD NICHOLSON

N 1896 I started farming my own land,

a half-section (320 acres) in north-
western Iowa. | had had four years’
previous experience in farming, having
worked as a “hired hand” ona neigh-
boring farm owned by one of my brothers.
For the first twelve years of my farming
career, things went on financially pretty
well, and despite the poor prices of the late
’90’s for farm produce, | was able every
year to lay away a little something against
the proverbial rainy day, and generally
speaking was “in constant good health.”

In 1908, as land values in Iowa had
advanced very materially while rents had
not risen correspondingly, I disposed of
my 320 acres for $90 per acre, and leased
back, for five years, 240 acres and all the
buildings for $4.50 an acre a year.

In the spring of 1909, therefore, |
started out as a “renter,” having as my
immediate possessions 8 good work horses
worth $200 a head; harness, farm ma-
chinery, wagons, etc., worth about $1,000;
3 milch cows, worth $50 apiece; 200 or
300 chickens, and 50 brood sows worth
$15 each. I had all my __ household
furniture, also valued at perhaps $1,000,
the whole investment amounting to about
$4,500.

] intended to feed and fatten every year,
as I had done in the past, a considerable
number of cattle and hogs, and I found it
was cheaper and more satisfactory to
borrow the necessary money from the
local bank at 7 per cent. for this purpose,
paying the money back as my stock went
to market than to use my own money and
have it lie idle between feeding periods.

| was fortunate in retaining my old
housekeeper, a most excellent woman,
who receives as wages $20 a month and
perquisites that vary from ten cents a
pound on all the butter sold, to one half
the red cocker spaniel pups we raise and

sell. The latter perquisite amounted last
year to $50. I have also two “hired
men”’ — foreman and assistant. Each re-

ceives $25 a month, with free board and
washing. The foreman gets, in addition,
5 per cent. of all the money received from
the sale of hogs. Last year this amounted
to more than $200. All four of us are
keenly interested in the corn yield (this is
our principal crop), for, when it exceeds
50 bushels an acre, we share and share
alike in the surplus. Last year we netted
$25 apiece from this source.

In 1910 on this 240 acre farm we raised
4,540 bushels of corn worth $1,636;
40 tons of clover hay worth $400; we
cut for additional fodder 22 acres of corn
valued at $550; and had left, after husk-
ing the corn, 115 acres of corn-stalks
(used as winter feed for cattle and horses)
worth $115. We also raised 1,200 bushels
of oats, which were used for horse feed;
and an oat straw pile, worth $15. Our
increase in stock was one colt ($70), and
3 heifer calves worth $25 a head.

The total income from the farm from
all sources was $4,557.60; the total ex-
penditures were $2,880: $1,080 for rent
and $1,800 for wages, house and living
expenses, etc. The net profit was $1,677.60.

Considering that the total amount of
my own money invested was less than
$5,000, that as far as actual hard work
was concerned | did little if any — simply
exercising a close, and to me highly inter-
esting, supervision over the farm work
and the “feeding”? operations — | think
the financial results are eminently satis-
factory. I may mention that the net
profit for 1909 was slightly less than that
for 1910, whilst this year promises to be a
little larger.

I was at no time “tied down to busi-
ness’’ — could always take a “day off”
when I so desired — and lived a healthy,
happy, out-of-door life. Think it over,
you weary toilers of the city — you who
find it hard to “keep up your end” — re-
membering only that there are no fortunes
to be acquired from farming — only the
healthy pleasures of the simple life.

+

THE MARCH OF THE CITIES

THE CITY INDUSTRIAL AGENT A PART OF THE MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT OF
NIAGARA FALLS

BY

EDWARD T. WILLIAMS

NTIL July 1, 1907, the work
of locating industrial con-
cerns in Niagara Falls had
been done by the power com-
panies and inadesultory way

by the Board of Trade through its secre-
tary —the writer of this article. This
secretary worked without salary, and
was engaged in other business at the same
time. Besides such work as he found time
to do outside of his regular business, and
besides such work as other members of
the organization did, other people in the
city helped when they happened to think
of it or had time. But it was nobody’s
business in particular, and so, as usual, it
was not well done. No one adequately
presented the advantages of Niagara
Falls — its unlimited quantities of electric
power delivered at the highest voltage, its
advertising advantages, and its location.

Now Niagara Falls employs a municipal
industrial agent. He is paid a salary,
gives all his time to the work, and has
back of him the power of the city govern-
ment. His work is done in a systematic
manner. He is responsible, and the city
that he represents is responsible, When
he guarantees to a manufacturing concern
sewer, water, and pavements, the city
sees that they are provided.

This new office was created by amend-
ment to the city charter that established
the industrial commission as a part of the
city government. The woard of estimate
and apportionment and the common coun-
cil were required by this law to appropriate
enough money to run the department.
The commission is composed of seven
members — the mayor, the city treasurer,
the president of the common council,
and four citizens appointed by the mayor.
The terms of two of these citizen-

commissioners expire every year, and the
tenure of each is two years. The three
elective officers named first also comprise
the board of estimate and apportionment
of the city. The mayor is chairman of
the commission. This commission ap-
points the city industrial agent. The
commission meets every two weeks under
the provisions of the city charter, and
holds such special meetings as are nec-
essary. The city provides an office and
equipment as well as a stenographer for
the commission and the industrial agent.
The manufacturers of Niagara Falls aid
the work of making the city attractive
to other manufacturers by exhibiting
in this office specimens of their crafts-
manship.

The city industrial agent prepares and
circulates literature setting forth the
advantages of the city. Every piece of
mail matter that he sends out contains
a boost for Niagara Falls. He gets the
local manufacturing and business concerns
to use it. He carries his propaganda
beyond merely industrial lines. For ex-
ample, he recently codperated with the
state senator from Niagara Falls to get
a bill passed by the last legislature appro-
priating $1,000,000 for the immediate
construction of trunk highways north
and south and east and west through
Niagara County. These highways will
make Niagara Falls a better market and
benefit all of its inhabitants by placing
a better supply of farm products within
their convenient reach. Again, the in-
dustrial agent has encouraged as many
public improvements as_ possible, for
these make the city an attractive place
to live in and to do business in. But mere
extravagance is opposed, for the manu-
facturer has a watchful eye for the tax

St SAN A Aa ag

ee :
Fe 8 a dame

st exe

‘rate. Sewers, water, and pavements are

necéssary for .most~ manufacturing con-
cerns, and the industrial agent takes up
these matters with prospective manu-
facturers. He also arranges to have
railroad spurs laid to factories. He fur-
nishes information about freight rates,
either in bulk or in package. He keeps

a mass of detailed information about .-the .

city at his fingertips: for example, that
electric power — which is available twenty-
four hours in the day by the turn ofa
switch as against ten hours for steam — is
sold at half the cost of steam. And he puts
these facts constantly before the manu-
facturing world.

Every year the city industrial agent
investigates hundreds of manufacturing
projects, good, bad, and indifferent, reach-
ing out for advantageous propositions.
His task is as surely to scare away com-
panies of a suspicious sort as it is to se-
cure the permanent establishment of re-
liable houses.

The efficiency of _an industrial agent is
illustrated by the following incident:
Into Niagara Falls one afternoon came
Mr. William ]. White, who had been exten-
sively engaged in the manufacture of
chewing gum, but who retired several years
ago. He now planned to go into business
again. He visited Buffalo and hired a
taxicab in order to look around. He
continued his investigations until he
reached Niagara Falls. There he went
into a hotel and told the proprietor his
mission. The hotel man immediately
telephoned to the city industrial agent,
who was at the hotel in three minutes.
Mr. White wanted a building already
erected, and there were few available.
He left the city without finding what he
wanted. The industrial agent took his
address and made a careful investigation
of the city. In a few days he wrote to
Mr. White in New York that he thought
he had the building, and the result was
that Mr. White made another visit to
Niagara Falls, during which the city was
viewed at every angle. He then made
trips to New York, Chicago, and St.
Louis, but the outcome, after weeks of
work and careful consideration, was that
Mr. White decided to locate his plant

20.7" THE WORLD’S WORK

in Niagara Falls and to locate another
plant in Niagara Falls, Canada, as he
would be able to handle them both
economically. By that effort of its city

‘industrial agent, Niagara Falls now has

a new industry whose product is valued
at more than $5,000 a day, wholesale.
The location of that plant alone, in the
matter of _the employment of. labor,
freight shipments, the bringing of new
people into the city, etc., is worth more
than the salary of the industrial agent
for a year.

Another case: A man living in Canada
told the industrial agent about a very
successful ‘manufacturing concern, the
Wagstaffe Company in Hamilton, Ont.,
that .was ambitious to supply the
American market. It-had set up a small
temporary plant in cramped quarters in
Buffalo to “feel” the American market.
The industrial agent got in touch with
Mr. James Wagstaffe and showed him the
city thoroughly. He met him every time
he came to Niagara. Falls, and he
remained with him until he left. In
addition to the other. advantages of the
city, he emphasized the fact that the
raw material for such a plant was near at
hand in large quantities in the Niagara
fruit belt. The result was that Mr.
Wagstaffe purchased five acres of land
in Niagara Falls and built a large plant
there.

In this way, five new industrial con-
cerns were brought to Niagara Falls in
1911. One of these was Greif Brothers
Company, of Cleveland, O., who oper-
ated a large cooperage. They had some
correspondence last summer with the
industrial agent about locating at Niagara
Falls. The industrial agent went to
Cleveland and a deal was closed. The
company has twenty-two plants in five
states and it made 7,000,000 barrels in
1910. Another was the Niagara Chocolate
Company, that has just broken ground in
Niagara Falls for a $100,000 plant.

Altogether, Niagara Falls has demon-
strated that a city industrial agent, paid
to devote all his time to increasing the
number of productive enterprises in the
city, can be a very useful and profitable
member of the municipal government.

-

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